2018-03-26 15:52:43 +00:00
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2018-03-27 17:39:08 +00:00
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THE WISDOM AND/OR MADNESS OF CROWDS
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by Nicky Case | apr 2018
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MY "WHY" FOR MAKING THIS:
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+ to build a foundation for further curiosity about networks, group dynamics
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+ to practice teaching with problem-solving, a pre-req for skills
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+ to instill transcendent sense of "fundamentally people", of Humanity's Brain <3
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2018-03-26 15:52:43 +00:00
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-->
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<!doctype>
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<html>
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<head>
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<title>The Wisdom and/or Madness of Crowds</title>
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2018-04-06 17:13:42 +00:00
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<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/index.css">
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2018-03-26 15:52:43 +00:00
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<body>
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2018-03-27 17:39:08 +00:00
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2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
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<!-- THE SLIDESHOW -->
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2018-04-02 17:43:20 +00:00
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2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
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<div id="modal_close">⨯</div>
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2018-03-27 17:39:08 +00:00
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2018-03-26 15:52:43 +00:00
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</div>
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2018-03-27 17:39:08 +00:00
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<!-- Navigation: Audio, Contents, Share, Translations -->
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2018-04-04 15:57:35 +00:00
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<div id="navigation_container">
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<div id="navigation">
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<!-- The chapters -->
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<div chapter="Introduction">
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2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
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<span>1</span>
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<span>1. Introduction</span>
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</div>
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<div chapter="Networks">
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2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
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<span>2</span>
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<span>2. Connections</span>
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</div>
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<div chapter="Simple">
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<span>3</span>
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<span>3. Contagions</span>
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</div>
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<div chapter="Complex">
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<span>4</span>
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<span>4. Complex Contagions</span>
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</div>
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<div chapter="BB">
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<span>5</span>
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<span>5. Bonding & Bridging</span>
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</div>
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<div chapter="SmallWorld">
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<span>6</span>
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<span>6. It's A Small World</span>
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</div>
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<div chapter="Sandbox">
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<span>7</span>
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<span>7. Sandbox Mode</span>
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</div>
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<div chapter="Conclusion">
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<span>8</span>
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<span>8. In Conclusion...</span>
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</div>
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<div chapter="Credits">
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<span>9</span>
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<span>9. Credits</span>
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</div>
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<span>?</span>
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<span>Bonus Boxes! (Notes)</span>
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<span style="margin-top: 7px; font-size: 35px;">*</span>
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<span>References</span>
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</div>
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2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
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<div modal="translations">
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<span style="margin-top:5px; position:relative;"><span style="
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position: absolute;
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top: -8px;
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left: 6px;
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">A</span><span style="
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position: absolute;
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font-size: 16px;
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left: 16px;
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">あ</span></span>
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<span>Translations</span>
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</div>
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2018-03-26 15:52:43 +00:00
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</div>
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2018-03-26 15:52:43 +00:00
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</html>
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2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
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<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - -->
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<div style="font-size: 30px;">
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<span>the</span>
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<br>
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<span style="font-size: 60px;letter-spacing: 4px;">WISDOM</span>
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<span style="position:relative;top: -10px;">and/or</span>
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<span style="font-size: 60px;">MADNESS</span>
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<br>
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<span style="position: relative;top: -11px;">of</span>
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<br>
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<span style="font-size: 100px;line-height: 80px;position: relative;top: -15px;">CROWDS</span>
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<div style="color:#999">
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playing time: 30 min • by nicky case, april 2018
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</div>
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</words>
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<next></next>
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</words>
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2018-03-28 14:57:19 +00:00
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loading...
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</words>
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<words id="preloader_play">
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let's play! →
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</words>
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<!-- Introduction -->
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<words id="intro">
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<div class="circle"><span>
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<br><br>
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2018-04-11 20:44:12 +00:00
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2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
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Sir Isaac Newton was pretty sure he was a smart cookie.
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I mean, after inventing calculus and a theory of gravity,
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he should be clever enough to do some financial investing, right?
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Anyway,
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long story short, he lost $4,600,000 (in today's dollars)
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in the nationwide speculation frenzy known as the South Sea Bubble of 1720.
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<br><br>
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As Mr. Newton later said:
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<i>“I can calculate the motion of heavenly bodies, but not the madness of people.”</i>
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<next>yeah sucks for him →</next>
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</span></div>
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</words>
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<words id="intro_2">
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2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
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<div class="circle" style="line-height:1.4em"><span>
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<br>
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2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
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Of course, that's not the only time markets, institutions, or entire democracies went haywire —
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the <i>madness</i> of crowds.
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And yet, just when you lose hope in humanity,
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you see citizens coordinating to rescue each other in hurricanes,
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communities creating solutions to problems,
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people fighting for a better world —
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the <i>wisdom</i> of crowds!
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<div style="height:0.9em"></div>
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2018-04-12 21:22:22 +00:00
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<b>But <i>why</i> do some crowds turn to madness, or wisdom?</b>
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No theory can explain everything,
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but I think a new field of study, <b>network science</b>,
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can guide us! And its core idea is this:
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to understand crowds, we should look not at the <i>individual people</i>, but at...
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2018-04-12 21:22:22 +00:00
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<next>...their <i>connections.</i> →</next>
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</span></div>
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</words>
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<!-- Networks -->
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<words id="networks_tutorial_start">
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<b>Let's draw a network!</b>
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Each connection represents a friendship between two people:
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</words>
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<words id="networks_tutorial_connect">
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draw to connect
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</words>
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<words id="networks_tutorial_disconnect">
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scratch to disconnect
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</words>
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<words id="networks_tutorial_end">
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when you're done doodling and playing around,
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<next wiggle>let's continue →</next>
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</words>
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<words id="networks_threshold">
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But social connections do more than just make pretty pictures.
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People <i>look to</i> their social connections to understand their social world.
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In this example, people look to their peers to
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find out <b>what % of their friends</b> (not counting themselves) are,
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say, binge-drinkers. <icon yellow></icon>
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</words>
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2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
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<words id="networks_threshold_instruction">
|
2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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<b>Draw/erase connections, and see what happens! →</b>
|
2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
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</words>
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2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
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<words id="networks_threshold_end">
|
2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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<next>cool, got it</next>
|
2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
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</words>
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2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
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<words id="networks_pre_puzzle">
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2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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However, networks can <i>fool</i> people.
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
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Just like how the earth seems flat because we're on it,
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people may get wrong ideas about society because they're <i>in</i> it.
|
2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
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<bon id="connections"></bon>
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<br>
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2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
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For example, a 1991 study<ref id="drunk"></ref> showed that
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2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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“virtually all [college] students reported that their friends drank more than they did.”
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But that seems impossible!
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How can that be?
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Well, you're about to invent the answer yourself, by drawing a network.
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It's time to...
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<next>FOOL EVERYONE →</next>
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2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
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</words>
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2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
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<words id="optional_reading">
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<div style="position:absolute; top:-5px;">
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<i>optional</i> extra bonus notes ↑
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</div>
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<div style="position:absolute; left:216px; top:10px;">
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↓ links and references
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</div>
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</words>
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2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
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<words id="networks_puzzle">
|
2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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<b style="font-size:2em">PUZZLE TIME!</b>
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<br>
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Fool <i>everyone</i> into thinking
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
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the majority of their friends (50% threshold) are binge-drinkers <icon yellow></icon>
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(even though binge-drinkers are outnumbered 2-to-1!)
|
2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
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</words>
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2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
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<words id="networks_puzzle_metric">
|
2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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<b>FOOLED:</b>
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</words>
|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
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<words id="networks_puzzle_metric_2">
|
2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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out of 9 people
|
2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
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</words>
|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
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<words id="networks_puzzle_end">
|
2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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Congrats! You manipulated a group of students into believing
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in the prevalance of an incredibly unhealthy social norm! Good going!
|
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<next wiggle>...uh. thanks?</next>
|
2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
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</words>
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2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
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<words id="networks_post_puzzle">
|
2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
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What you just created is called The Majority Illusion<ref id="majority"></ref>,
|
2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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which also explains why people think their political views are consensus,
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or why extremism seems more common than it actually is.
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<i>Madness.</i>
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|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
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<bon id="books"></bon>
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
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2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
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But people don't just passively <i>observe</i> others' ideas and behaviors,
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they actively <i>copy</i> them.
|
2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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So now, let's look at something network scientists call...
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|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
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<next>“Contagions!” →</next>
|
2018-04-12 17:12:45 +00:00
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</words>
|
2018-03-26 15:52:43 +00:00
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|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
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|
<!-- Simple Contagions -->
|
2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
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2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
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<words id="simple_simple">
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
|
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|
<i>Let's put aside the "threshold" thing for now.</i>
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|
Below: we have a person <icon red></icon> with some information.
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
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|
Some <i>mis</i>information. "Fake news", as the cool kids say.
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
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And every day, that person spreads the rumor, like a virus, to their friends.
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
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And they spread it to <i>their</i> friends. And so on.
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
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<br>
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
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<b>
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|
Start the simulation! ↓
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
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|
(p.s: you can't draw <i>while</i> the sim's running)
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
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|
</b>
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
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</words>
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|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
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|
<words id="simple_simple_2">
|
2018-04-18 15:25:41 +00:00
|
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|
|
Note: despite the negative name, "contagions" can be good or bad (or neutral or ambiguous).
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
|
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|
There's strong statistical evidence<ref id="contagion"></ref> that
|
2018-04-18 15:25:41 +00:00
|
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|
|
smoking, health, happiness, voting patterns, and cooperation levels
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
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|
are all "contagious" --
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
|
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|
and even some evidence that suicides<ref id="suicides"></ref> and mass shootings<ref id="shootings"></ref> are, too.
|
2018-04-03 17:32:26 +00:00
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|
</words>
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|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
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|
<words id="simple_simple_end">
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
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|
|
<next wiggle>well that's depressing →</next>
|
2018-04-03 17:32:26 +00:00
|
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|
|
</words>
|
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|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
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|
<words id="simple_cascade">
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
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|
Indeed it is.
|
|
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|
|
Anyway, <b>PUZZLE TIME!</b>
|
|
|
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|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
Draw a network & run the simulation,
|
|
|
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|
|
so that <i>everyone</i> gets infected with the "contagion".
|
|
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|
|
(new rule: you can't cut the <i>thick</i> connections)
|
2018-04-03 17:32:26 +00:00
|
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|
</words>
|
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|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
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|
|
<words id="simple_cascade_end">
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
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|
|
<next wiggle>fan-flipping-tastic →</next>
|
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|
|
</words>
|
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|
|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
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|
|
<words id="simple_post_cascade">
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
This madness-spreading is called an <b>"information cascade"</b>.
|
|
|
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|
|
Mr. Newton fell for such a cascade in 1720.
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
|
|
|
|
The world's financial institutions fell for such a cascade in 2008.<ref id="subprime"></ref>
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<br><br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
However: <i>this simulation is wrong.</i>
|
2018-04-18 15:25:41 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Most ideas <i>don't</i> spread like viruses.
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
For many beliefs and behaviors, you need to be "exposed" to the contagion more than just once
|
|
|
|
|
|
in order to be "infected".
|
|
|
|
|
|
So, network scientists have come up with a new, better way to
|
|
|
|
|
|
describe how ideas/behaviors spread, and they call it...
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<next wiggle>“<i>Complex</i> Contagions!” →</next>
|
2018-04-03 17:32:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<!-- Complex Contagions -->
|
2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
|
|
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|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<words id="complex_complex">
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
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|
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Let's bring back "thresholds", and the binge-drinking <icon yellow></icon> example!
|
|
|
|
|
|
When you played with this the first time, people didn't change their behavior.
|
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|
<br><br>
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
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|
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Now, let's simulate what happens if people <i>do</i> start drinking
|
|
|
|
|
|
<i>when 50%+ of their friends do!</i>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<b>Before you start the sim, ask yourself what you think <i>should</i> happen.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Now, run the sim, and see what actually happens! →</b>
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
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|
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
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|
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|
<words id="complex_complex_2">
|
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|
|
|
<span style="line-height:1.2em">
|
|
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|
|
|
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|
Note that, unlike our earlier "fake news" <icon red></icon> contagion,
|
|
|
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|
|
this contagion <icon yellow></icon> does <i>not</i> spread to everyone!
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<div style="height:1em"></div>
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
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|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
The first few people get "infected", because although they're only exposed to one
|
|
|
|
|
|
binge-drinker, that binge-drinker is 50% of their friends. (yeah, they're lonely)
|
|
|
|
|
|
In contrast, the person near the end of the chain did <i>not</i> get "infected",
|
|
|
|
|
|
because while they were exposed to a binge-drinking friend,
|
2018-04-18 15:25:41 +00:00
|
|
|
|
they did not pass the 50%+ threshold.
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<div style="height:1em"></div>
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
And <i>that's</i> the difference between the <b>"complex contagion"</b> theory,
|
2018-04-18 15:25:41 +00:00
|
|
|
|
and our earlier, naive, it-simply-spreads-like-a-virus <b>"simple contagion"</b> theory.
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div style="height:1em"></div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
But, as stated earlier, not all contagions are bad —
|
|
|
|
|
|
so enough about crowd madness, what about...
|
|
|
|
|
|
<next>...crowd <i>wisdom?</i></next>
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
2018-04-03 17:32:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
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|
|
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<words id="complex_complex_3">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Here, we have a person <icon blue></icon> who volunteers to... I don't know,
|
|
|
|
|
|
rescue people in hurricanes, help the poor in their local community, or something cool like that.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Point is, it's a "good" complex contagion.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This time, though, let's say the threshold is only 25% —
|
|
|
|
|
|
people are willing to volunteer, but only if 25% or more of their friends do so too.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hey, goodwill needs a bit of social encouragement.
|
|
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|
|
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|
|
<br><br>
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
<b>Get everyone "infected" with the good vibes! →</b>
|
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|
|
</words>
|
|
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|
<words id="complex_complex_3_end">
|
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|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!--
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="complex_complex_3">
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<span style="line-height:1.4em">
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<b>CAUTION:</b>
|
|
|
|
|
|
just because an idea/behavior is "complex" doesn't mean it's good,
|
|
|
|
|
|
(e.g. conspiracy theories)
|
|
|
|
|
|
and just because it's "simple" doesn't mean it's bad!
|
|
|
|
|
|
(e.g. cute cat videos)
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<br><br>
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Think of it this way:
|
|
|
|
|
|
simple contagions are weeds, complex contagions are trees,
|
|
|
|
|
|
and a network is an ecosystem.
|
|
|
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|
|
Sometimes weeds are good, sometimes trees are bad.
|
|
|
|
|
|
But if your ecosystem can <i>only</i> support weeds,
|
|
|
|
|
|
something's very wrong.
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<br><br>
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
So, how <i>do</i> we make sure our social ecosystem is healthy?
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
|
|
|
|
To figure this out, let's first revisit...
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<next wiggle>...the cascade puzzle!</next>
|
2018-04-12 19:50:59 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</span>
|
2018-04-03 17:32:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
-->
|
2018-04-03 17:32:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<words id="complex_cascade">
|
2018-04-16 19:49:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
You did this before, but now, with a <i>complex</i> contagion <icon blue></icon>, it'll be tougher...
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<b>Try to "infect" everyone with complex wisdom! ↓</b>
|
|
|
|
|
|
(feel free to just hit 'start' and <i>try</i> as many solutions as you want)
|
2018-04-03 17:32:26 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
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|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<words id="complex_cascade_end">
|
2018-04-12 21:22:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<next wiggle>HOT DANG →</next>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
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|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
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|
<words id="complex_post_cascade">
|
2018-04-16 19:49:56 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Now, you may think: so what, complex contagions <icon blue></icon> are just simple contagions <icon red></icon>
|
2018-04-13 17:42:02 +00:00
|
|
|
|
that need more connections?
|
2018-04-12 21:22:22 +00:00
|
|
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|
Not so fast!
|
2018-04-13 17:42:02 +00:00
|
|
|
|
The difference between "complex" and "simple" is a difference in <i>kind</i>, not degree.
|
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|
It's apples vs oranges, not apples vs more apples.
|
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|
This idea will be clearer if we revisit...
|
2018-04-12 21:22:22 +00:00
|
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|
</words>
|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
|
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|
<words id="complex_post_cascade_end">
|
2018-04-12 21:22:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<next wiggle>...yet another puzzle! →</next>
|
2018-04-03 17:32:26 +00:00
|
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|
</words>
|
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|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
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<words id="complex_prevent">
|
2018-04-12 21:22:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Now, let's do the <i>opposite</i> of everything we've done before.
|
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|
If you hit "start" below now, the contagion will just spread to everyone.
|
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No surprise there.
|
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But now, here's your challenge:
|
|
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|
<b>draw a network to <i>prevent</i> the contagion from spreading to everyone! ↓</b>
|
2018-04-03 17:32:26 +00:00
|
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|
</words>
|
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|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
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<words id="complex_prevent_2">
|
2018-04-13 17:42:02 +00:00
|
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|
And <i>that's</i> the important difference between "simple" and "complex" contagion.
|
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|
While more connections always helps spread <i>simple</i> ideas,
|
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more connections can <i>hurt</i> the spread of <i>complex</i> ideas!
|
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(makes you wonder 'bout the internet, hm)
|
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And this isn't just a theoretical problem. This can be a matter of life...
|
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</words>
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|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
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<words id="complex_prevent_end">
|
2018-04-13 17:42:02 +00:00
|
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|
<next wiggle>...or death. →</next>
|
2018-04-12 21:22:22 +00:00
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|
</words>
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|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
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<words id="complex_groupthink">
|
2018-04-12 21:22:22 +00:00
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|
2018-04-13 17:42:02 +00:00
|
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The people at NASA were smart cookies.
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I mean, they'd used Newton's theories to get us to the moon.
|
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Anyway, long story short, in 1986,
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|
<i>despite warnings from the engineers</i>,
|
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|
they launched the <i>Challenger</i>,
|
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which blew up and killed 7 people.
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|
The immediate cause:
|
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|
it was too cold that morning.
|
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|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
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<div style="height:0.9em"></div>
|
2018-04-13 17:42:02 +00:00
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The less immediate cause: the managers ignored the engineers' warnings.
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
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|
Why? Because of <b>groupthink</b><ref id="groupthink"></ref>.
|
2018-04-13 17:42:02 +00:00
|
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|
When a group is <i>too</i> closely knit, (as they tend to be at the top of institutions)
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
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|
they become resistant to hard-to-accept information
|
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that challenges one's beliefs or ego.
|
2018-04-13 17:42:02 +00:00
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|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
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|
<div style="height:0.9em"></div>
|
2018-04-13 17:42:02 +00:00
|
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|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
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|
So, that's how to get crowd madness.
|
|
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|
But how can we "design" for crowd <i>wisdom?</i>
|
|
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|
|
In short, two words:
|
2018-04-12 21:22:22 +00:00
|
|
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|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<next>Bonding & Bridging →</next>
|
2018-04-12 21:22:22 +00:00
|
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|
2018-04-03 17:32:26 +00:00
|
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|
</words>
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|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
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|
<!-- Bonding & Bridging -->
|
2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
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|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
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|
<words id="bonding_1">
|
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|
← Too few connections, and an idea can't spread.
|
|
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|
<br>
|
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|
|
Too many connections, and you get groupthink. →
|
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|
</words>
|
2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
|
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|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
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|
<words id="bonding_2">
|
|
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|
<b>
|
2018-04-18 18:02:27 +00:00
|
|
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|
Draw a group that hits the sweet spot:
|
|
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|
|
just connected enough to spread a complex idea!
|
|
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|
|
↓
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
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|
</b>
|
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|
</words>
|
2018-03-26 15:52:43 +00:00
|
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|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
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|
<words id="bonding_end">
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
|
|
|
|
This is called <b>bonding social capital</b><ref id="social_capital"></ref>,
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
the strength of the connections <i>within</i> a single group.
|
|
|
|
|
|
But what about the connections...
|
|
|
|
|
|
<next wiggle>...<i>between</i> groups?</next>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
2018-03-26 15:52:43 +00:00
|
|
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|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<words id="bridging_1">
|
|
|
|
|
|
As you might have guessed, <b>bridging social capital</b>
|
|
|
|
|
|
is the strength of the connections <i>between</i> groups.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This is important, because it helps groups break out of their insular echo chambers!
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<b>Try to "infect" everyone with wisdom:</b>
|
2018-04-04 15:57:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<words id="bridging_end">
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Like bonding, bridging social capital has a sweet spot.<ref id="bridge"></ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
(extra challenge: try drawing a bridge so thick that the complex contagion
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<i>can't</i> pass through it!)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Now that we know how to "design" connections <i>within</i> and <i>between</i> groups, let's...
|
|
|
|
|
|
<next wiggle>...do BOTH. →</next>
|
2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="bb_1">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<b style="font-size:2em">FINAL PUZZLE!</b>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
Draw connections within groups (bonding) and between groups (bridging)
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
to spread wisdom to everyone:
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<words id="bb_2">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
You just drew a very special kind of network!
|
|
|
|
|
|
Networks with high bonding and bridging
|
|
|
|
|
|
are profoundly important, and they're called...
|
|
|
|
|
|
<next wiggle>“Small World Networks” →</next>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="bb_small_world_1">
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<i>"Unity without uniformity". "Diversity without division". "E Pluribus Unum: out of many, one".</i>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
No matter how it's phrased,
|
|
|
|
|
|
people -- across times and cultures -- have often arrived at the same piece of wisdom:
|
|
|
|
|
|
<b>
|
2018-04-18 18:02:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
a healthy society needs a sweet spot of bonds <i>within</i> groups
|
|
|
|
|
|
and bridges <i>between</i> groups.
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</b>
|
2018-04-18 18:02:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
That is:
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<words id="bb_small_world_2">
|
2018-04-18 18:02:27 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Not this...
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
(because ideas can't spread)
|
|
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="bb_small_world_3">
|
|
|
|
|
|
nor this...
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
(because you'll get groupthink)
|
|
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="bb_small_world_4">
|
|
|
|
|
|
...but <i>THIS:</i>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="bb_small_world_5">
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Network scientists now have a mathematical definition for this ancient wisdom:
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
|
|
|
|
the <b>small world network</b><ref id="small_world"></ref>. This optimal mix of bonding+bridging describes how
|
|
|
|
|
|
our neurons interact<ref id="swn_neurons"></ref>,
|
|
|
|
|
|
gives rise to collective creativity<ref id="swn_creativity"></ref>
|
|
|
|
|
|
and problem-solving<ref id="swn_social_physics"></ref>,
|
|
|
|
|
|
and, at one point, has even helped us (barely) avoid full-out nuclear war!<ref id="swn_jfk"></ref>
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
So, yeah, small worlds are a big deal.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="bb_small_world_end">
|
|
|
|
|
|
And finally, if you'd like to make a whole network from scratch, let's check out...
|
|
|
|
|
|
<next>The Sandbox Mode →</next>
|
2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<!-- Sandbox -->
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="sandbox_caption">
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<b>NOTE: "Sandbox Mode" is totally optional!</b>
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Feel free to skip it, or play around.<ref id="sandbox"></ref>
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Whenever you're done, let's recap...
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="sandbox_next">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<next>what we learnt today!</next>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-06 16:06:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<words id="sandbox_contagion">
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Contagion:
|
2018-04-06 16:06:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="sandbox_contagion_simple">
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
simple
|
2018-04-06 16:06:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="sandbox_contagion_complex">
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
complex
|
2018-04-06 16:06:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="sandbox_color_chooser">
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
The Contagion's Color:
|
2018-04-06 16:06:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="sandbox_tool_chooser">
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Select a tool...
|
2018-04-06 16:06:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="sandbox_tool_pencil">
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Draw Network
|
2018-04-06 16:06:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="sandbox_tool_add">
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Add Person
|
2018-04-06 16:06:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="sandbox_tool_add_infected">
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Add "Infected"
|
2018-04-06 16:06:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="sandbox_tool_move">
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Drag Person
|
2018-04-06 16:06:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="sandbox_tool_delete">
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
Delete Person
|
2018-04-06 16:06:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="sandbox_tool_clear">
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<b>CLEAR IT ALL</b>
|
2018-04-06 16:06:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="sandbox_shortcuts_label">
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
(...or, use keyboard shortcuts!)
|
2018-04-06 16:06:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-06 16:06:55 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<words id="sandbox_shortcuts">
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
[1]: Add Person [2]: Add "Infected"
|
|
|
|
|
|
<br>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Space]: Drag [Backspace]: Delete
|
|
|
|
|
|
</words>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<!-- Conclusion -->
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<words id="conclusion_1">
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div style="font-size: 30px;">
|
|
|
|
|
|
IN CONCLUSION: it's all about...
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div style="
|
|
|
|
|
|
width: 100%;
|
|
|
|
|
|
position: absolute;
|
|
|
|
|
|
font-size: 88px;
|
|
|
|
|
|
top: 20px;
|
|
|
|
|
|
line-height: 100px;
|
|
|
|
|
|
">
|
|
|
|
|
|
Contagions & Connections
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div style="
|
|
|
|
|
|
width: 710px;
|
|
|
|
|
|
position: absolute;
|
|
|
|
|
|
top: 125px;
|
|
|
|
|
|
left: 250px;
|
|
|
|
|
|
">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<b>Contagions:</b>
|
|
|
|
|
|
Like how neurons pass signals in a brain,
|
|
|
|
|
|
people pass beliefs & behaviors in a society.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Not only do we influence our friends,
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
|
|
|
|
we also influence our friends' friends, and even our friends' friends' friends!<ref id="three_degrees"></ref>
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
|
|
|
|
(“be the change you wanna see in the world” etc etc)
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But, like neurons, it's not just signals that matter, it's also...
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</div>
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<div style="
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width: 710px;
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position: absolute;
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top: 275px;
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left: 250px;
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">
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<b>Connections:</b>
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Too few connections and complex ideas can't spread.
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Too <i>many</i> connections and complex ideas get crushed by groupthink.
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The trick is to build a small world network, the optimal mix of
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bonding and bridging: <i>e pluribus unum.</i>
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
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<bon id="limits"></bon>
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2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
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</div>
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<div style="
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width: 400px;
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position: absolute;
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top: 395px;
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right: 0px;
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text-align: right;
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">
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so, what about our question from the very beginning?
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why <i>do</i> some crowds turn to...
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</div>
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<div style="
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width: 300px;
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position: absolute;
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top: 460px;
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right: 0px;
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">
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<next>...wisdom and/or madness?</next>
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</div>
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2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
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</words>
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<words id="conclusion_2">
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
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<div class="circle" style="font-size:22px; line-height:1.3em;"><span>
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<br>
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From Newton to NASA to network science, we've covered a lot here today.
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Long story short, the madness of crowds is not necessarily due to the
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<i>individual people</i>, but how we're trapped in a network's sticky web.
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<br><br>
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That <i>does NOT</i> mean abandoning personal responsibility,
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for we're also the <i>weavers</i> of that web.
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So, improve your contagions:
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
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be skeptical of ideas that flatter you<ref id="flatter"></ref>,
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
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spend time understanding complex ideas.
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And, improve your connections: bond with similar folk,
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but also build bridges across cultural/political divides.
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<br><br>
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We can weave a wise web.
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Sure, it's harder than drawing lines on a screen...
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<next>...but so, so worth it.</next>
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2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
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</span></div>
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</words>
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<words id="conclusion_3">
|
2018-04-15 21:24:22 +00:00
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<i>
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“The great triumphs and tragedies of history are caused,
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not by people being fundamentally good or fundamentally bad,
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but by people being fundamentally people.”
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</i>
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<br>
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<span style="position:relative; top:5px">~</span> Neil Gaiman & Terry Pratchett
|
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<next small><3</next>
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
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</words>
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2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
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<!-- Credits -->
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
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2018-04-16 15:44:14 +00:00
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<words id="credits">
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
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CREDITS
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<br>
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CREDITS
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<br>
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CREDITS
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<br>
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CREDITS
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<br>
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CREDITS
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
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<br>
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<bon id="further_reading"></bon>
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
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</words>
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<!-- x. misc -->
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<words id="WIN">
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WIN
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</words>
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<words id="sim_start">
|
2018-04-18 18:02:27 +00:00
|
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start simulation
|
2018-04-13 20:58:04 +00:00
|
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</words>
|
2018-04-18 15:25:41 +00:00
|
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|
<words id="sim_stop">
|
2018-04-18 18:02:27 +00:00
|
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|
|
reset & re-draw
|
2018-04-06 16:06:55 +00:00
|
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|
</words>
|
2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
|
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|
2018-03-27 17:39:08 +00:00
|
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|
<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
|
2018-03-26 15:52:43 +00:00
|
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|
|
<!-- BONUS BOXES (footnotes) -->
|
2018-03-27 17:39:08 +00:00
|
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|
<!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
|
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|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
|
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|
|
<bonus id="connections">
|
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|
|
<h3>
|
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|
|
BONUS BOX: How Else Can We Be Connected?
|
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|
</h3>
|
|
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|
|
<div>
|
|
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|
|
(blah blah blah, one-directional, weighted connections, etc)
|
|
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|
</div>
|
|
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|
</bonus>
|
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|
<bonus id="books">
|
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|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
BONUS BOX: A quick response to James Surowiecki's <i>The Wisdom of Crowds</i>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
(blah blah blah)
|
|
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|
|
</div>
|
|
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|
|
</bonus>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<bonus id="limits">
|
|
|
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|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
BONUS BOX: Everything I Said Is Wrong
|
|
|
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|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
(blah blah blah: map, extending the model with ecologies or randomness, etc)
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</bonus>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<bonus id="further_reading">
|
|
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|
|
<h3>
|
|
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|
|
|
Further Reading
|
|
|
|
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|
</h3>
|
|
|
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|
|
<div>
|
|
|
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|
|
</div>
|
2018-03-26 15:52:43 +00:00
|
|
|
|
</bonus>
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-04 15:57:35 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<!-- - - - - - - -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- REFERENCES -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- - - - - - - -->
|
2018-03-27 17:39:08 +00:00
|
|
|
|
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
|
|
|
|
<reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="drunk">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“a 1991 study showed that virtually all [college] students reported that their friends drank more than they did.”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[link]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="majority">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“The Majority Illusion”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[link]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[also, interactive NYT version]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="contagion">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“strong statistical evidence that
|
2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
|
|
|
|
smoking, health, happiness, voting patterns, and cooperation levels
|
2018-04-16 19:14:08 +00:00
|
|
|
|
are all contagious”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler, again]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="suicides">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“some evidence that suicides are [contagious], too”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[link]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="shootings">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“some evidence that mass shootings are [contagious], too”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[link - also Don't Say Their Names]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="subprime">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“The world's financial institutions fell for such a cascade in 2008.”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[link to Cass Sunstein's Lemmings of Wall Street right after the prices plunged - not technical]
|
|
|
|
|
|
<!-- https://newrepublic.com/article/63023/wall-streets-lemmings -->
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="complex">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“Complex contagions are weirder.”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[link to empirical proof of twitter complex contagion]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[also, Granovetter's Threshold model]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[and Dodds & Watt's Universal Contagion]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[not to mention contrarians]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="groupthink">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“groupthink”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[link to Janis's Groupthink article]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="social_capital">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“bonding and bridging social capital”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[link to Robert Putnam's Bowling Alone]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="bridge">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“bridging social capital has a sweet spot”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[link to Granovetter's Strength of Weak Ties]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[and response for complex contagion, the Weakness of Long Ties!]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="small_world">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“the small world network”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[link to Strogatz and Watts]
|
|
|
|
|
|
[also the Bret Victor version]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="swn_neurons">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“[small world networks] describe how our neurons interact”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[link plz]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="swn_creativity">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“[small world networks] give rise to collective creativity”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[link to that Broadway and small world study. note PARABOLIC relationship]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="swn_social_physics">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“[small world networks] give rise to collective problem-solving”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[link to Social Physics book]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="swn_jfk">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“[small world networks] helped us (barely) avoid nuclear war!”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[JFK and the Cuban Missile Crisis, his small-world team undid his earlier screw-up
|
|
|
|
|
|
with the Bay of Pigs,
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="sandbox">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“Sandbox Mode”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
pst... wanna hear a secret? those keyboard shortcuts (1,2,space,delete)
|
|
|
|
|
|
can edit not just the simulation in sandbox mode, but <i>all</i> the simulations
|
|
|
|
|
|
in this explorable explanation! seriously, you can go back to a different chapter,
|
|
|
|
|
|
and edit the simulation right there.
|
|
|
|
|
|
in fact, that's how <i>I</i> created all these puzzles!
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="three_degrees">
|
|
|
|
|
|
<h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
“we influence [...] our friends' friends' friends!”
|
|
|
|
|
|
</h3>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
[link to Connected by Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler]
|
|
|
|
|
|
</div>
|
|
|
|
|
|
</reference>
|
|
|
|
|
|
<reference id="flatter">
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<h3>
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“be skeptical of ideas that flatter you”
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</h3>
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<div>
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yes, including all the ideas in <i>this</i> explorable explanation.
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</div>
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</reference>
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2018-03-26 15:52:43 +00:00
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2018-04-18 14:51:44 +00:00
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</span>
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2018-04-01 16:34:52 +00:00
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