wip references
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@ -1297,7 +1297,6 @@ Final thing! These references also need you to TRANSLATE:
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</h3>
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<div>
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Par l'excellent et accessible à tous,
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<a target="_blank" href="http://www.connectedthebook.com/">
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Connected</a> (en, 2009) de Nicholas Christakis et James Fowler's
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@ -1378,7 +1377,6 @@ Final thing! These references also need you to TRANSLATE:
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Enfin,
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<a target="_blank" href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/cond-mat/0403699.pdf">
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“Universal behavior in a generalized model of contagion”</a> par Dodds & Watts (2004)
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propose un modèle qui unifie <i>tout</i> type de contagions:
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simple et complexes, biologiques and sociales !
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@ -1400,10 +1398,10 @@ Final thing! These references also need you to TRANSLATE:
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</h3>
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<div>
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Cette phrase à la Orwell nous vien d'Irving L. Janis in 1971.
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Cette phrase à la Orwell nous vient d'Irving L. Janis in 1971.
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<a target="_blank" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401033524/http://apps.olin.wustl.edu/faculty/macdonald/GroupThink.pdf">
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Dans son article original</a>,
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Janis investigue de cas d'effet de groupe, en liste les causes, et — merci —
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Janis investigue des cas d'effet de groupe, en liste les causes, et — merci —
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des remèdes possibles.
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</div>
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@ -1411,66 +1409,56 @@ Final thing! These references also need you to TRANSLATE:
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<reference id="social_capital">
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<h3>
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“bonding and bridging social capital”
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“capital social de liens et ponts”
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</h3>
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<div>
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These two types of social capital — "bonding" and "bridging" —
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were named by Robert Putnam in his insightful 2000 book,
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<a target="_blank" href="http://bowlingalone.com/">
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Bowling Alone</a>. His discovery:
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across almost <i>all</i> empircal measures of social connectiveness,
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Americans are more alone than ever.
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Golly.
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Ces deux types de capitaux sociaux — "liens" et "ponts" — ont été nommé par Robert Putnam dans sont livre clairvoyant de 2000,
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<a target="_blank" href="http://bowlingalone.com/">Bowling Alone</a>.
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Sa découverte : à travers presque toutes les mesures empiriques de connectivité sociale, les américains sont plus seuls que jamais.
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Mince alors.
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</div>
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</reference>
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<reference id="bridge">
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<h3>
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“bridging social capital has a sweet spot”
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“il faut aussi trouver un équilibre pour les ponts”
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</h3>
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<div>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://sociology.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/publications/the_strength_of_weak_ties_and_exch_w-gans.pdf">
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“The Strength of Weak Ties”</a> by Granovetter (1973)
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showed that connections across groups helps spread simple contagions (like information),
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but
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“The Strength of Weak Ties”</a> par Granovetter (1973)
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a montré que les liens à travers les groupes aident à répandre de simples contagions (comme les informations) mais
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<a target="_blank" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/521848?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">
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“Complex Contagions and the Weakness of Long Ties”</a> by Centola & Macy (2007)
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showed that connections across groups may not help complex contagions,
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and it fact, can hurt their spread!
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“Complex Contagions and the Weakness of Long Ties”</a> par Centola & Macy (2007)
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a montré que les liens entre les groupes peuvent ne pas aider à répandre les contagions complexes, et en fait, gêner leur développement !
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</div>
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</reference>
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<reference id="small_world">
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<h3>
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“the small world network”
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“le réseau petit monde”
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</h3>
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<div>
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The idea of the "small world" was popularized by
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<a target="_blank" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2786545">Travers & Milgram's 1969 experiment</a>,
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which showed that, on average, any two random people in the United States
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were just six friendships apart — "six degrees of separation"!
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L'idée d'un "petit monde" a été popularisée par l'expérience de
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<a target="_blank" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2786545">Travers & Milgram en 1969</a>,
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qui a montré qu'en moyenne, deux personnes choisies au hasard aux Etats-Unis sont séparées par six amis — "six degrés de separation" !
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<br><br>
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The small-world network got more mathematical meat on its bones with
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Le réseau petit monde s'est étoffé mathématiquement avec
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<a target="_blank" href="http://leonidzhukov.net/hse/2014/socialnetworks/papers/watts-collective_dynamics-nature_1998.pdf">
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“Collective dynamics of small-world networks”</a> by Watts & Strogatz (1998),
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which proposed an algorithm for creating networks
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with both low average path length (low degree of separation)
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and high clustering (friends have lots of mutual friends) —
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that is, a network that hits the sweet spot!
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“Collective dynamics of small-world networks”</a> par Watts & Strogatz (1998),
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qui ont proposé un algorithme pour créer des réseaux avec à la fois des faibles longueurs de chemin (de petits degrés de séparation) et un fort taux d'amas (les amis ont beaucoup d'amis mutuels) —
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c'est à dire, le réseau a atteint son juste milieu !
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<br><br>
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You can also play with
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Vous pouvez également jouer avec
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<a target="_blank" href="http://worrydream.com/ScientificCommunicationAsSequentialArt/">
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the visual, interactive adaptation of that paper</a> by Bret Victor (2011).
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l'adaptation visuelle intéractive de ce papier</a> par Bret Victor (2011).
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</div>
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<reference id="swn_neurons">
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<h3>
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“[small world networks] describe how our neurons are connected”
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“[les réseaux petit monde] décrivent comment nos neurons sont connectés”
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</h3>
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<div>
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<a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079517">
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“Small-world brain networks”</a> by Bassett & Bullmore (2006).
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“Small-world brain networks”</a> par Bassett & Bullmore (2006).
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</div>
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</reference>
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<reference id="swn_creativity">
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<h3>
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“[small world networks] give rise to collective creativity”
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“[les réseaux petit monde] encouragent la créativité collective”
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</h3>
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<div>
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<a target="_blank" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/432782?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">
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“Collaboration and Creativity: The Small World Problem”</a> by Uzzi & Spiro (2005).
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This paper analyzed the social network of the Broadway scene over time,
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and discovered that, yup, the network's most creative when it's a "small world" network!
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“Collaboration and Creativity: The Small World Problem”</a> par Uzzi & Spiro (2005).
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Ce papier a analysé le réseau social de la scène de Broadway à travers le temps, et a découvert, que, ouais, le réseau est le plus créatif lorsqu'il est un "petit monde" !
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</div>
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<reference id="swn_social_physics">
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<h3>
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“[small world networks] give rise to collective problem-solving”
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“[les réseaux petit monde] encouragent la résolution de problèmes”
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</h3>
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<div>
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See
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Voir
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<a target="_blank" href="http://socialphysics.media.mit.edu/">
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“Social Physics”</a> by MIT Professor Alex "Sandy" Pentland (2014)
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for a data-based approach to collective intelligence.
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“Social Physics”</a> par MIT Professor Alex "Sandy" Pentland (2014)
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pour une approche basée sur les données de l'intelligence collective.
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</div>
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</reference>
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<reference id="swn_jfk">
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<h3>
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“[small world networks] helped John F. Kennedy (barely) avoid nuclear war!”
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“[les réseaux petit monde] ont aidé une fois le président américain John F. Kennedy à (presque) éviter la guerre nucléaire”
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</h3>
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<div>
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<reference id="three_degrees">
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<h3>
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“we influence [...] our friends' friends' friends!”
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“on influence [...] les amis des amis de nos amis !”
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</h3>
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<div>
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Again, from Nicholas Christakis and James Fowler's
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wonderful book,
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A nouveau, du fantastique livre de Nicholas Christakis et James Fowler,
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<a target="_blank" href="http://www.connectedthebook.com/">
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Connected</a> (2009).
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</div>
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</reference>
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<reference id="flatter">
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<h3>
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“be skeptical of ideas that flatter you”
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“soyez sceptique des idées qui vous flattent”
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</h3>
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<div>
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yes, including the ideas in <i>this</i> explorable explanation.
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oui, y compris les idées dans <i>cette</i> explication explorable.
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</div>
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</reference>
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<reference id="sandbox">
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<h3>
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★ Sandbox Mode ★
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★ Mode Sandbox ★
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</h3>
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<div>
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The keyboard shortcuts (1, 2, space, delete)
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work in <i>all</i> the puzzles, not just Sandbox Mode!
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Seriously, you can go back to a different chapter,
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and edit the simulation right there.
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In fact, that's how <i>I</i> created all these puzzles. Have fun!
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Les raccourcis clavier (1, 2, espace, effacer)
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marchent dans <i>tous</i> les puzzles, pas juste le monde bac à sable !
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Sérieusement, vous pouvez retourner dans un chapitre différent, et y éditer la simulation sur place.
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En fait, c'est comme ça que <i>j'</i>ai créé tous ces puzzles. Amusez vous bien !
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</div>
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</reference>
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<reference id="supporters" hidden=yes large=yes>
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<div>
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To
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<a target="_blank" href="https://www.patreon.com/ncase">my supporters on Patreon</a>:
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I'm deeply grateful.
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Your generosity <i>literally</i> feeds me and pays my rent,
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and grants me the creative freedom to make these weird math/social-science games.
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From the bottom of my heart, thank you!
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A
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<a target="_blank" href="https://www.patreon.com/ncase">mes supporters sur Patreon</a>:
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je suis profondément reconnaissant.
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Votre générosité me nourrit et paye mon loyer (littéralement), et me fournit la liberté créative de faire ces étrangs jeux de maths/sciences sociales.
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Du fond du coeur, merci !
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</div>
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</reference>
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<reference id="playtesters" hidden=yes large=yes>
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<div>
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Thank you, everyone who playtested <i>Crowds</i>
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during its many stages of life!
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Merci à tous ceux qui ont testé <i>Crowds</i>
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durant les nombreuses étapes de sa vie !
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<br><br>
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<b>The Prototype:</b>
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<b>Le prototype:</b>
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<br>
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Maria ·
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Monica Srivastava
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<br><br>
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<b>The Alpha:</b>
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<b>L'alpha:</b>
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<br>
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Glen Chiacchieri ·
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Kalli Repzeti ·
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Toph Tucker
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<br><br>
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<b>The Beta:</b>
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<b>La beta:</b>
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<br>
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Alex Dytrych ·
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Amit Patel ·
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