COMMENT SE SOUVENIR DE TOUT POUR (QUASIMENT) TOUJOURS
par nicky case · oct 2018
Dans la mythologie grecque, Mnémosyne, la déesse de la mémoire...
...était la mère des Muses, les déesses de l'Inspiration.
musique
théatre
fanfictions douteuses
Du coup, comment vont la Mémoire et l'Inspiration à l'école ?
bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla
Mouais.
Non seulement les pratiques courantes comme les cours, le bachotage et la relecture sont ennuyeuses,
la science a montré qu'elles ne marchent pas si bien.*
* toutes les sources et liens sont à la fin de cette bande dessinée !
Et si je disais qu'il y a une manière d'apprendre
basée sur des preuves et amusante ?
Et si je disais qu'il y a un jeu de mémoire à base de cartes auquel tu peux jouer, 20
minutes par jour, pour stocker n'importe quoi de ton choix dans ta mémoire à long terme, pour toujours ?*
* jusqu'à ta mort
Et c'est génial.
J'ai commencé à utiliser la Répétition Espacée plus tôt cette année pour apprendre le Français.
En deux mois, j'ai appris plus de mots qu'en deux ans
de cours de Français au lycée.
Depuis, j'ai utilisé la Répétition Espacée pour me souvenir de tout un tas de choses...
accords de ukulélé
code informatique
anniversaires d'amis
n'importe quoi d'intéressant que je trouve dans des livres, conférences, articles, etc. !
... et ce p'tit jeu de mémoire à base de cartes est devenue une partie essentielle de ma vie.
En résumé, Répétition Espacée = tests + temps.
Tu te testes sur un fait de manière répétée, en espaçant les répétitions sur le temps.
(Mais est-ce que ça ne vas pas durer éternellement ? Ah, comme on va le voir plus tard, il y a une astuce...)
La Répétition Espacée est gratuite, basée sur des preuves et si simple qu'elle est réalisable avec une boîte à chaussures.
nicky tais toi
Du coup, c'est quoi l'embrouille ? Pourquoi tout le monde ne fait-il pas déjà de la Répétition Espacée ?
Et bien, l'embrouille, c'est que prendre n'importe quelle nouvelle habitude est dur
– particulièrement une habitude étrange comme la Répétition Espacée.
le prof arrive
C'est pourquoi j'ai fait cette bande (mal) dessinée interactive.
Dans cette BD sur la Répétition Espacée,
je vais te montrer POURQUOI ça fonctionne, COMMENT ça fonctionne...
...et t'aider à commencer à l'utiliser AUJOURD'HUI.
Aussi, au long de cette BD,
tu peux te tester sur ce que tu as appris,
sur des intervalles espacés.
En somme: tu utiliseras la Répétition Espacée pour apprendre la Répétrion Espacée.
De cette manière:
Mais, l'apprentissage par cœur n'est-il pas mauvais ?
Ne pouvons nous pas tout rechercher de nos jours ?
Ne devrions nous pas apprendre la créativité et la pensée critique, plutôt ?
Il n'y a pas de "plutôt".
les sciences cognitives montrent qu'on
a besoin de mémorisation pour la créativité et la pensée critique.
(Imagine écrire une dissertation sans connaître aucun mot !)
MÉMOIRE
art
science
La répétition Espacée n'est pas une "astuce pour étudier".
Ce n'est pas un "life hack".
C'est une manière de reprendre le contrôle sur ton esprit.
De faire de la mémoire à long terme un choix.
De développer un amour à vie pour l'apprentissage...
...de faire naître ta propre Muse intime.
Tony Stark haleta alors qu'une main gantée descendait le long de son dos.
La pression stable était douce et presque rassurante.
Obama gloussa. "Tu veux dire, le–
C'est parti.
LA SCIENCE de
LA RÉPÉTITION ESPACÉE
En 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus réalisa un acte de masochisme scientifique.
Le psychologue allemand mémorisa des milliers de mots dénués de sens,
nota combien il en oubliait avec le temps, et découvrit...
LA COURBE DE L'OUBLI
Il découvrit que l'on oublie la plupart de ce qu'on apprend dans les premières 24 heures,
puis, – en l'absence de pratique et de rappel – les souvenirs restants se déteriorent exponentiellement.*
* techniquement, la courbe n'est pas tout à fait
exponentielle, mais bon, suffisament proche.
Les phliosophes avaient débattu sur la mémoire depuis des millénaires,
mais Ebbinghaus fut le premier à faire de véritables expériences.
(qui ont été répliquées)
svp...
tuez...
moi...
Pour cette raison, Hermann Ebbinghaus est connu comme
le pionier des sciences de la mémoire.
Voici une simulation interactive de la Courbe de l'Oubli.
Change le taux de déterioration de mémoire. Qu'arrive-t-il à la courbe ?
Comme tu peux le voir, moins il y a de déterioration, plus la courbe est plate –
c'est-à-dire, plus le souvenir dure.
La vitesse de déterioration du souvenir dépend de la personne et du souvenir...
hey ! désolé, c'est quoi ton nom déjà ?
haha. c'est susan.
Mais en général, le "taux de déterioration" d'un souvenir ralentit à chaque fois que tu t'en rappelle activement.
(par rapport à le relire passivement)
susan. susan. susan. susan. susan.
(cependant, quand tu arrêtes de t'entraîner, il se déteriore toujours.)
ok à plus sarah !
susan.
ciao sandy !
SUSAN.
Voici une seconde fois la simulation, avec une seul session de rappel active.
(ligne grise : ce que la mémoire aurait été sans le rappel)
Change le timing de rappel pour voir comment ça affecte la courbe :
Un unique rappel booste un peu la mémoire... mais à long terme,
du fait de la déterioration exponentielle de la mémoire, un unique rappel ne change rien.
Y a-t-il une meilleure manière d'apprendre ?
Et oui ! L'astuce pour se souvenir...
...c'est de presque oublier.
Pour comprendre cela, pense à l'entraînement des muscles.
On ne gagne rien avec un poids trop facile...
...ni avec un poids trop dur.
C'est pareil pour l'entraînement du cerveau.
Tu as besoin d'une difficulté désirable : la zone idéale de pile-assez-dur.
confort
inconfort
trop facile
pile bien
trop dur
De fait : pour mieux se souvenir de quelque chose, tu dois te le rappeler...
...pile quand tu es sur le point de l'oublier.
Même simulation qu'avant, mais maintenant elle montre la
zone idéale –
où on a oublié juste un petit peu.Mets un rappel au milieu de la zone idéale. Que se passe-t-il ?
Tu vois ? Si te te rappelles au bon moment,
tu peux un peu ralentir la déterioration !
Maintenant, qu'arrive-t-il avec des rappels multiples ?
Disons que tu es
paresseu.x.se
efficace, donc tu ne fais que 4 sessions de rappel.
Question:
quelle est la meilleure manière d'espacer les rappels ?
susan
Devrait-on faire des pauses uniformes ?
Des pauses de longueur croissante ?
Des pauses de longueur décroissante ?
Ou rendre ça imprévisible, pour rester en alerte ?
= rappel
temps
pauses uniformes :
pauses croissantes :
pauses décroissantes :
pauses aléatoires :
Essaie de deviner,
puis, quand tu est prêt.e, retourne la carte ↓
Ce qui est très contre-intuitif !
Tu peux te prouver que c'est vrai en jouant avec la simulation ci-dessous.
Mets tous les rappels au milieu de la zone idéale.
Quel espacement obtient-on ?
(Pour montrer que ce n'est pas un hasard,
voici une simulation où l'on peut changer
la déterioration initiale de la mémoire et la zone idéale.
Note que, dans tous les cas sauf extrêmes,
le meilleur planning est toujours "pauses croissantes" !)
Pourquoi est-ce que les pauses doivent augmenter ?
Parce qu'à chaque fois que tu te rappelles dans la zone idéale de l'oubli,
la déterioration de la mémoire ralentit...
c'est
SUSAN!
–oh put
...ce qui veut dire que ça prendra plus de temps
pour atteindre la zone idéale ensuite !
Mais tu sais ce qui est mieux ?
Ça veut aussi dire que si tu prévois tes rappels juste bien...
...tu peux facilement garder n'importe quelle quantité de choses dans ta mémoire à long terme,
POUR TOUJOURS.
En parlant de rappels actifs pour pouvoir apprendre,
faisons quelques rappels actifs sur ce que l'on vient d'apprendre :
Bon, c'est cool,
mais vraiment trouver un bon planning de Répétition Espacée doit être dur, non ?
Au contraire* !
C'est en fait si simple que tu peux même créer ton propre plannificateur automatique...
* en français dans le texte
...en utilisant une boîte à chaussures.
THE ART of
SPACED REPETITION
You don't have to use a shoebox for Spaced Repetition,
but it's funnier if you do.
and this is my private tutor
???
they're TRAINERS
we're not friends anymore
(Later, we'll look at some Spaced Repetition apps,
like Anki & Tinycards)
This setup is called The Leitner Box.
It's like a card game you play against yourself!
First, divide your box up into seven "Levels".
(You can have more or fewer if you like!)
All new flashcards start at Level 1.
(If you're new to Spaced Repetition, I recommend starting with 5 new cards a day.)
When you review a card, and get it right, it moves up one Level.
(If you're at the final Level, congrats!
Your card retires. Off it goes, to card heaven.)
But if you review a card, and get it wrong... it has to go
all the way back down to Level 1.
(If it's already at Level 1, good news:
you can keep testing yourself on it until you get it right,
and move it up to Level 2)
But when do we review cards?
That's the trick.
In the Leitner Box, we review Level 1 cards every day,
Level 2 every two days, Level 3 every FOUR days,
Level 4 every EIGHT days, etc...
The pattern is: we double the gap (# of days between reviews) for each Level!
Here's what the looping 64-day game calendar looks like:
(Note: the reason we review Level 1 at the end
is so you'll see your new cards and the cards you forgot from higher Levels.)
(At the end of a daily game of Spaced Repetition,
leave no cards in Level 1.
Test yourself until you can get them all right,
and move them up to Level 2!)
(Note #2: Spaced Repetition apps like Anki use a more sophisticated algorithm...)
(...but at its core, they work on the same principles as the Leitner Box)
(Note #3: Oh, and with a few index cards & tape,
you can make your own foldable, looping calendar!)
(at the end, I'll link to a video tutorial for crafting a Leitner Box)
Now, to show the game in action!
Here's a step-by-step simulation of the Leitner Box:
(we'll see a month-by-month sim later)
Each daily review takes 20-30 minutes.
Instead of watching a TV episode, you could play a card game –
and remember anything you want for life.
However, habits are hard. If you start big, you won't get the ball rolling...
But if you start small, you can gain momentum,
and roll your snowball bigger and bigger.
That's why I recommend starting with 5 new cards a day.
Once you're comfortable with that, you can do 10 new cards/day.
Then 15. Then 20, 25, 30.
And at 30 new cards a day, you can learn 10,000+ new facts/words/etc a year.
na na na na na na na na na
katamari damacy
Now, here's the month-by-month simulation.
Use this to calculate in advance how much you can learn with Spaced Repetition!
That's it. That's how you can make long-term memory a choice.
Let's let that sink in. Take a break, and recall what we just learnt:
Spaced Repetition almost seems too good to be true.
And it is... IF you fall for some very common pitfalls.
Memory isn't a bookshelf
where you collect random giant tomes to impress others.
a bunch of
crap you'll
never get
around to
reading
That's to say: Spaced Repetition will fail if your cards feel
bloated, disconnected or meaningless.
Instead, memory is like a jigsaw puzzle: full of small, connected pieces.
(This is also how neurons work: lots of small, connected things)
It's not about collection, it's about connection.
Thus, to get the most out of Spaced Repetition,
you must make your cards...
SMALL
CONNECTED
& MEANINGFUL
Let's see how.
SMALL
This card sucks:
It's too big. Too much information.
Let's cut it up into smaller, connected pieces!
As a rule of thumb, each flashcard should have one & only one idea.
Like so:
Facts connect to facts.
But there's other, more playful ways for cards to be...
CONNECTED
This card is... alright.
It's an English word on the front, French word on the back.
It's the standard for most language-learning flashcards:
But you know what would make it stick in memory better?
If you connected it to
pictures, sounds, context, and/or personal details!
Like so:
The front now has a drawing of a cat (picture)
with a fill-in-the-blank French sentence (context: grammar)
about my childhood cat, Stripes. (personal)
The back now has a symbol of the noun's gender (picture),
its pronunciation (sound*),
and a warning about the female version of the noun. (context: slang)
* Obviously, paper cards can't play sounds.
But apps like Anki/Tinycards can!
But the most important connection of all,
is to connect your learning to something that is...
MEANINGFUL
Personally, here's how I've learnt best:
First, I try (emphasis on try) to do something.
play the ukulele
read french comics
make a web game
Inevitably, I'll get stuck.
In that moment, I'll look up what I need,
and learn something.
how do you play F#?
what's "attraper" mean?
why is javascript such a piece of sh–
And so on.
That, I believe, is the best way to keep yourself motivated while learning:
By making sure your learning is in service of doing something you care about.
Speaking of learning, let's practice recalling what we've learnt:
(this will be the second-last time!)
The consensus in the Spaced Repetition community is,
after a while, you should make your own cards.
This way, you can connect facts to what you know, what you love.
That's why, in the final part of this interactive comic,
you're going to make your own cards!
And those cards will be about...
YOU
GET STARTED TODAY!
To help you get started with Spaced Repetition today,
you need to answer four questions:
WHAT?
WHY?
HOW?
WHEN?
You'll answer these questions by making flashcards!
So, here's the front of our first flashcard, our first question:
For example, you could use Spaced Repetition to help you learn...
a new language
a new instrument
computer programming
details of friends' lives
anything interesting you find, anywhere!
all the pokémon
Now, you write your answer on the back:
(note: you can scroll back here & change your answer later)
However, recall that for Spaced Repetition to work,
you need to connect it to something you care about.
So our next question is:
That may be too philosophical, so here's some
concrete examples of a why behind a what:WHAT: a new language
WHY: to speak to friends, family, lovers in their native tongue
WHAT: computer programming
WHY: to make money so you can eat
WHAT: anything interesting
WHY: curiosity, for its own sake!
So... what's your why?
You now have your what and why... but we still need to pick a how!
That is, what tool/app do you want to use?
Our next card asks:
I currently use
The Leitner Box,
but my friends use
Anki,
and for a while I used
TinyCards.
(links open in new tabs)
Here's how they compare:
Leitner Box
Pros: arts-and-craftsy, easy to use
Cons: not as portable as an app
Anki (app)
Pros: huge community, open-source, lots of powerful features
Cons: kinda ugly
TinyCards (app)
Pros: beautiful design, easy to use
Cons: max 150 cards per deck, doesn't let you decide if you got a card right
(Want something else?
Here's a few other tools:
SuperMemo,
NimbleNotes,
Mnemosyne)
* anti-disclaimer: i am not affiliated with any of these.
i just think they're cool & helpful!
So, what's it gonna be?
Just one card left!
Now: doing Spaced Repetition is actually quite easy...
however, doing it as a daily habit is hard.
Why? Because getting the ball rolling on any new habit is hard.
Hard, but straightforward.
The science of habits shows that if you do the same thing, given the same cue,
over and over...
have a nice day!
thanks, you too!
happy holidays!
thanks, you too!
here's your change!
thanks, you too!
...it'll become a habit, for better or worse.
So for a Spaced Repetition habit, our question is:
For example, you could play the Spaced Repetition game...
after you wake up
on your commute
before sleeping
It doesn't really matter when you do it, as long as you do it
daily and consistently (more or less - you can skip a day once in a while).
(Tip: whenever I try to create a new habit,
I draw a circle on a calendar for each day I successfully do it)
(It's a game I play with myself! The goal is to try not break
my streak, and build the longest chain I can.)
Now, let's fill out that final flashcard:
Et voilà, here's all four of your flashcards, all about you!
But like I said, I want to help you take control of your memory today.
Not "eventually", not "tomorrow", TODAY.
so to help...
let's download some
COOL GOODIES
FIRST:
to remind you to play the Spaced Repetition game daily!
SECOND:
And finally,
THIRD:
a .zip of all the flashcards you've been practicing in this interactive comic!
(These can be your first few days' worth of Spaced Repetition cards,
to help you get started! And as a plus, you'll get to remember everything
you learnt here today, forever-ish.)
Which reminds me...
one last goodbye,
for old time's sake,
the final swan song!
...let's review our flashcards, all of them:
Sniff...
It's always so hard to say goodbye...
HONK
I'll miss the time we had together...
...but I hope we live on in each others' memories!
If you're a student, I hope Spaced Repetition
helps you be more confident, and take learning into your own hands.
If you're a teacher,
please oh please tell your students about Spaced Repetition
(& other evidence-based study habits) early on.
But whether you're in or out of school,
I hope Spaced Repetition helps you develop your memory, your mind,
your Muse...
"no!" screamed the mitochondria, as she slid down the cell's warm, wet throat. "i don't–
...and learn one of life's greatest loves:
a lifelong love of learning.
(P.S: I genuinely wanna know how you'll use Spaced Repetition!
Tweet a photo of your Box/Anki with the tag
#SpacedRepetition –
I'll collect examples into a page for everyone to see!)
(Want more? Scroll down for further reading & credits!)
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
Also, this interactive comic is
PUBLIC DOMAIN
meaning you can freely use this thing for educational, personal, or even commercial purposes.
You already have my permission!
(Download the code)
(Translate this comic)
However, I'm only able to do this thanks to my 1,000+ Patreon supporters.
They let me keep doing what I love. Thank you! 💖
(Wanna chip in too? Click here!)
Further Reading
Something something shoulders of giants.
Here are the reads that made Spaced Repetition a part of my daily life:
🤓
Augmenting Long-Term Memory
by Michael Nielsen
showed me that Spaced Repetition wasn't just a tool for memorization,
it's a tool to build deep understanding. It could even be a way of life.
💬
Fluent Forever
by Gabriel Wyner
convinced me to finally (re)start learning French,
and create a Leitner Box. (my 64-day calendar was adapted from this book)
🃏
20 Rules for Cards
by Piotr Wozniak taught me how to squeeze the most out of Spaced Repetition.
(Note: the author also invented the algorithm used by Anki!)
And my favorite reads on the science of learning:
👩🎓
Why Don't Students Like School?
by Daniel Willingham
proved to me that "mere memorization" is actually necessary
for creativity & critical thinking.
✏️
What Works, What Doesn't [PDF]
by Dunlosky et al
summarizes 200+ studies on various learning methods.
In sum: common techniques like re-reading & highlighting don't work,
less-common techniques like spacing & self-testing do.
(Link to original paper)
👀 Thank you to all my playtesters for making this project not suck:
Aatish Bhatia, Adam Filinovich, Aimee Jarboe, Alex Jaffe, Amit Patel, Andy Matuschak, B Cavello, Chris Walker, Frank Lantz, Gal Green, Glen Chiacchieri, Hamish Todd, Henry Reich, Jacque Goupil, James Lytle,
Jez Swanson, Josh Comeau, Kayle Sawyer, Levi Robertson, Marcelo Gallardo, Martyna Wasiluk, Michael Nielsen, Mikayla Hutchinson, Mike Gifford, Monica Srivastava, Owen Landgren,
Paul Butler, Paul Simeon, Philipp Wacker, Pontus Granström, Rowan, Sebastian Morr, SpacieCat, Tanya Short, Tim & Alexandra Swast, Tom Hermans, Toph Tucker, Will Harris-Braun, Zeno Rogue
Intro
·
La Science
·
L'Art
·
Débutons !
·
Crédits
essaie de te rappeler
puis tourne ↻
(cartes restantes: [N])
tu t'en souvenais ?
nan, on réessaie
ouep, on continue !
c'est bon ! continue de scroller
↓
c'est terminé !
↓
vivacité du souvenir →
temps →
déterioration :
zone idéale :
timing du rappel :
timing des rappels :
oprimisation auto !
On Day [N]...
review Levels [N] (in that order)
(and then loop back to Day 1!)
Day [N]
to review: Level
review Level [N]
add [N] new cards
total: [N] cards!
([N] retired)
next step
next day
next week
next month
[N] new cards a day
recall [N]% of cards wrong
RESET
Q:
type your answer here
or pick one of these suggestions:
Anything interesting!
A language
Music
Coding
Personal
(other)
For people I love
For my own sake
For curiosity's sake
(other)
Leitner Box
Anki
TinyCards
(other)
In the morning
On my commute
In the evening
(other)
WHAT:
WHY:
DO
ME!
wallpaper
a wallpaper for your desktop,
a lock-screen wallpaper for your phone,
a video, by my dear friend Chris Walker, on how to craft your very own Leitner Box!
a link to
TinyCards!
(i recommend checking out their
geography decks)
links to tutorials on crafting a Leitner Box
[video]
[pdf],
the Anki app,
and
TinyCards!
DOWNLOAD ALL CARDS
DOWNLOADING...
DONE! Check your Downloads folder.
Comment Se Souvenir De Tout Pour (Quasiment) Toujours
une bande dessinée interactive sur l'art et la science de la mémoire
et le nom de ce jeu est...
LA RÉPÉTITION ESPACÉE
Répétition Espacée = ____ + ____
tests + temps
3 pratiques d'apprentissage communes mais inefficaces sont...
...les cours, le bachotage, et la relecture
Dans la mythologie grecque,
la déesse de ____
était la mère des déesses de
________
La Mémoire est la mère de l'Inspiration
the best way to space out your recalls is...
...with increasing gaps!
The pioneer of the experimental science of memory was...
Hermann Ebbinghaus
The Forgetting Curve (without any recalls) looks like...
(note: it decays quickly, then slowly - "exponential decay")
The Forgetting Curve (with well-spaced recalls) looks like...
(note: the gaps between recalls increase in length)
In the Leitner Box, we ______
the gap (# of days between reviews) for each Level
double the gap
The Leitner Box game:
when you get a card right, you move it ______ .
up one Level
The Leitner Box game:
when you get a card wrong, you move it ______ .
back to Level 1!
According to some random comic-game on the internet,
my Spaced Repetition flashcards should be
______ ,
______ , and
______ .
small, connected & meaningful
What's this?
This organelle is called "mitochondria".
Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell.
They're found in almost all eukaryotic (nucleus-having) organisms.
The most widely-accepted hypothesis for the origin of mitochondria is Endosymbiotic Theory:
around ~1.5 billion years ago, a prokaryotic (nucleus-lacking) cell that was "eaten" by another cell,
somehow survived, and has continued to live inside them ever since.
What's this?
Mitochondria
Mitochondria is the _______ of the cell
powerhouse
// bonus note: seriously though, we'd all be dead without 'em.
Mitochondria is found in almost all ____ organisms.
eukaryotic
Eukaryotes are cells that...
have a nucleus
// bonus note: "eu"=good, "karyon"=kernel
Prokaryotes are cells that...
DON'T have a nucleus
// bonus note: "pro"=before, "karyon"=kernel
The most widely-accepted hypothesis for the origin of mitochondria is...
Endosymbiotic Theory
// bonus note: "endo"=inner, "sym"=together, "bio"=living
According to Endosymbiotic Theory, mitochondria arose around
____ years ago
~1.5 billion years ago
According to Endosymbiotic Theory, mitochondria first arose when...
FIRST:
to remind you to play the Spaced Repetition game daily!
