From edb3d06cab9fd69ab189a97910833f1f64cb23ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Shaoliang Nie Date: Thu, 8 Nov 2018 15:11:41 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 01/19] add translation file --- zh.html | 2733 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 2733 insertions(+) create mode 100644 zh.html diff --git a/zh.html b/zh.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..160fb67 --- /dev/null +++ b/zh.html @@ -0,0 +1,2733 @@ + + + + + + + + How To Remember Anything Forever-ish + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
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+ 如何拥有对任何事情的类永久性记忆 +
+ +
+
+ by nicky case · oct 2018 +
+ + +
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+ +
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+ + + + + + + + + 在希腊神话中，记忆女神摩涅莫辛涅... + + + ...是灵感女神缪斯的妈。 + + + 音乐 + + + 戏剧 + + + 奇怪的同人小说 + + + + + + 那么，记忆和灵感在学校的表现如何呢？ + + + + + + + bla + bla + bla + bla + bla + bla + bla + bla + + + + + + + 耶. + + + 一些常见的做法例如课堂的讲课， + 填鸭式的用功，以及重复阅读， + 不仅无聊，还被科学表明 + 其实并不好使。* + + + + + + * 所有引用和链接都在漫画的最后面！ + + + + + + + 但是，如果我说有一种学习的方法， + 它有实证基础而且好玩？ + + + 如果我说有一个记忆卡片游戏，你每天只要玩上二十分钟， + 就可以把任何想记住的长期记住，甚至永远记住？ + + + + + + + * 直到你挂掉。 + + + + + + + + + + + 而且这个游戏超酷的。 + 我从今年早期开始用间隔重复来学习法语。 + + + 两个月内，我学会了比高中法语课 + 两年更多的词汇。 + + + + + + + 从此以后，我都在用间隔重复去记忆各种不同的事情... + + + 乌克丽丽的和弦 + + + 计算机代码 + + + 朋友们的生日 + + + 任何我在书本，讲话，文章以及其他途径里发掘到的有趣的东西！ + + + ...这个记忆卡片游戏变成了我人生的一个核心部分。 + + + + + + + 简单来说，间隔记忆 = 测试 + 时间。 + + + 你重复测试自己关于一个事实的记忆，把这种重复在时间里间隔开来。 + （但是这样不就没有尽头了吗？啊，我们稍后会看到，这里有一个小诀窍...） + + + + + + + 间隔重复是免费的，有实证基础的，而且特别简单，以至于你可以用一个鞋盒去实现。 + + + nicky闭嘴 + + + 所以，有什么隐情呢？为什么并不是每个人都已经在用间隔重复？ + + + + + + + 好，隐情就是养成任何新习惯都难 + - 特别是像间隔重复这么奇怪的习惯。 + + + 老师模式出现了 + + + 这就是为什么我制作了这个画的很烂的互动式漫画。 + + + + + + + 在这个关于间隔重复的漫画中， + 我会让你看到它为什么有效，怎样运转发挥作用... + + + ...以及帮助你从今天开始上手。 + + + + + + + 而且，在整个漫画中， + 你可以在分布开来的间隔中， + 测试自己学到的东西。 + 那就是：你将用间隔重复来学习间隔重复。 + +

+ 像这样： + + + + + + + + + + + + 然而，“死记硬背”不是不好吗？ + 现在的我们不能就谷歌一下吗？ + 我们不应该反而去学习创造力 & 批判性思维吗？ + + + 这里没有“反而”。 + 认知科学表明 + 你需要记忆来支撑创造力 & 批判性思维。 + （假设要写一篇文章，然而你一个字都不认识！） + + + 记忆 + + + 艺术 + + + 科学 + + + + + + + 间隔重复不是一个“学习窍门”。 + 也不是一种“生活伎俩”。 + + + 它是一种方式，让你掌控你的头脑和心力。 + 使得长期记忆成为一个选择。 + 滋养出你对学习的终身爱恋... + + + + + + + ...去哺育你自己的，内在的缪斯。 + + + 当一只被手套裹着的手落在他的脊柱上，托尼斯塔克几乎没有喘气。 + 这稳重的压力是平缓的，几乎让人感到欣慰。 + 奥巴马笑了。“你的意思是，这- + + + 让我们开始吧。 + + + +
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+ 间隔重复 + 的科学 +
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+ + + + + In 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus performed an act of scientific masochism. + + + The German psychologist memorized thousands of nonsense words, + recorded how much he forgot over time, and discovered... + + + + + + + THE FORGETTING CURVE + + + He found that you forget most of what you learn in the first 24 hours, + then – if you don’t practice recall – your remaining memories decay exponentially.* + + + + + + * technically the curve isn't exactly +
+ exponential, but, eh, close enough. + + + + + + + Philosophers have debated about memory for millennia, + but Ebbinghaus was the first to do actual experiments. + (which have been replicated) + + + plz... + + + kill... + + + me... + + + For that reason, Hermann Ebbinghaus is known as + the pioneer of the science of memory. + + + + + + Here’s a playable simulation of the Forgetting Curve. + Change the rate of memory decay. What happens to the curve? + + + + + + + + + + As you can see, the less the decay, the flatter the curve – + that is, the longer the memory lasts. + + + + + + + How fast a person’s memory decays depends on the person and the memory... + + + hi! sorry, what's your name again? + + + haha. it's susan. + + + + + + + But in general, a memory’s “rate of decay” slows down each time you actively recall it. + (versus passively re-reading it) + + + susan. susan. susan. susan. susan. + + + + + + + (although, when you stop practicing, it still decays.) + + + okay bye sarah! + + + susan. + + + bye sandy! + + + SUSAN. + + + + + + Here’s the simulation again, with a single active recall session. +
+ (grey line: what memory would've been without the recall) +
+ Change the recall timing to see how it affects the curve: + + + + + + + + + + A single recall boosts memory for a bit... but in the long run, + due to exponential decay of memory, a single recall changes nothing. + + + + + + + Is there a better way to learn? + There is! The trick to remembering... + + + ...is to almost forget. + + + + + + + To understand this, think about training your muscles. + You’ll gain nothing with a weight that’s too easy... + + + + + + + ...nor one that’s too hard. + + + + + + + The same’s true of training your brain. + You need desirable difficulty: the sweet spot of just-hard-enough. + + + comfort + + + discomfort + + + too easy + + + just right + + + too hard + + + + + + + Therefore: to best learn something, you need to recall it... + + + ...just as you’re about to forget it. + + + + + + Same simulation as before, but now it shows the + sweet spot – + where you’ve forgotten just a little bit. + Put the recall in the middle of the sweet spot. What happens? + + + + + + + + + + See? If you time a recall just right, + you can slow down the decay by a bit! + Now, what about multiple recalls? + + + + + + + Let’s say you’re + lazy + time-efficient, so you’re only doing 4 recall sessions. + + + Question: + what’s the best way to spread out your recalls? + + + susan + + + + + + + Should you have evenly spaced gaps? + Gaps of increasing length? + Gaps of decreasing length? + Or make it unpredictable, to keep you on your toes? + + + = recall + + + time + + + even gaps: + + + increasing gaps: + + + decreasing gaps: + + + random gaps: + + + + + + Give it your best guess, + then when you’re ready, flip the card over ↓ + + + + + + + + + + Which is very counter-intuitive! + You can prove to yourself this is true, by playing with the sim below. + + Get all recalls into the middle of the sweet spot. + What spacing do you get? + + + + + + + + + + + (To prove this isn't a fluke, + here’s a sim where you can change + the initial memory decay & sweet spot. + Note how, in all but the extreme cases, + the best schedule is still “increasing gaps”!) + + + + + + + + + + + Why must the gaps increase? + Because: each time you do a recall at the sweet spot of forgetting, + the memory’s decay slows down... + + + it's + + + SUSAN! + + + –the fu + + + + ...meaning it’ll take longer + to hit the sweet spot next time! + + + + + + + But you know what’s sweeter? + This also means if you time your recalls just right... + + + ...you can easily keep any number of things in your long-term memory, + FOREVER. + + + + + + + + + + And speaking of doing active recall in order to learn, + let's do some active recall on what we just learnt: + + + + + + + + + + + Well that's nice, + but actually finding a good Spaced Repetition schedule must be hard, right? + + + + + + + Au contraire! + It’s actually so simple, you can even create your own automatic scheduler... + + + + + + + ...using a shoebox. + + + +
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+ THE ART of + SPACED REPETITION +
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+ + + + + You don't have to use a shoebox for Spaced Repetition, + but it's funnier if you do. + + + and this is my private tutor + + + ??? + + + they're TRAINERS + + + + we're not friends anymore + + + + (Later, we'll look at some Spaced Repetition apps, + like Anki & Tinycards) + + + + + + + This setup is called The Leitner Box. + It's like a card game you play against yourself! + + + First, divide your box up into seven "Levels". + (You can have more or fewer if you like!) + + + + + + + All new flashcards start at Level 1. + + + (If you're new to Spaced Repetition, I recommend starting with 5 new cards a day.) + + + + + + + When you review a card, and get it right, it moves up one Level. + + + (If you're at the final Level, congrats! + Your card retires. Off it goes, to card heaven.) + + + + + + + But if you review a card, and get it wrong... it has to go + all the way back down to Level 1. + + + (If it's already at Level 1, good news: + you can keep testing yourself on it until you get it right, + and move it up to Level 2) + + + + + + + But when do we review cards? + That's the trick. + In the Leitner Box, we review Level 1 cards every day, + Level 2 every two days, Level 3 every FOUR days, + Level 4 every EIGHT days, etc... + + + The pattern is: we double the gap (# of days between reviews) for each Level! + + + + + + Here's what the looping 64-day game calendar looks like: + + + + + + + + + + + (Note: the reason we review Level 1 at the end + is so you'll see your new cards and the cards you forgot from higher Levels.) + + + (At the end of a daily game of Spaced Repetition, + leave no cards in Level 1. + Test yourself until you can get them all right, + and move them up to Level 2!) + + + + + + + (Note #2: Spaced Repetition apps like Anki use a more sophisticated algorithm...) + + + (...but at its core, they work on the same principles as the Leitner Box) + + + + + + + (Note #3: Oh, and with a few index cards & tape, + you can make your own foldable, looping calendar!) + + + (at the end, I'll link to a video tutorial for crafting a Leitner Box) + + + + + + Now, to show the game in action! + Here's a step-by-step simulation of the Leitner Box: + (we'll see a month-by-month sim later) + + + + + + + + + + Each daily review takes 20-30 minutes. + Instead of watching a TV episode, you could play a card game – + and remember anything you want for life. + + + + + + + However, habits are hard. If you start big, you won't get the ball rolling... + + + But if you start small, you can gain momentum, + and roll your snowball bigger and bigger. + + + + + + + That's why I recommend starting with 5 new cards a day. + + + Once you're comfortable with that, you can do 10 new cards/day. + Then 15. Then 20, 25, 30. + + + And at 30 new cards a day, you can learn 10,000+ new facts/words/etc a year. + + + na na na na na na na na na + + + katamari damacy + + + + + + + Now, here's the month-by-month simulation. + Use this to calculate in advance how much you can learn with Spaced Repetition! + + + + + + + + + + That's it. That's how you can make long-term memory a choice. + + + Let's let that sink in. Take a break, and recall what we just learnt: + + + + + + + + + + Spaced Repetition almost seems too good to be true. +
+ And it is... IF you fall for some very common pitfalls. + + + + + + + Memory isn't a bookshelf + where you collect random giant tomes to impress others. + + + a bunch of + + + crap you'll + + + never get + + + around to + + + reading + + + That's to say: Spaced Repetition will fail if your cards feel + bloated, disconnected or meaningless. + + + + + + + Instead, memory is like a jigsaw puzzle: full of small, connected pieces. + (This is also how neurons work: lots of small, connected things) + + + It's not about collection, it's about connection. + + + + + + + Thus, to get the most out of Spaced Repetition, + you must make your cards... + + + SMALL + + + CONNECTED + + + & MEANINGFUL + + + + + + Let's see how. + + + + + + + SMALL + + + + + + This card sucks: + + + + + + + + + + + It's too big. Too much information. + + + Let's cut it up into smaller, connected pieces! + As a rule of thumb, each flashcard should have one & only one idea. + Like so: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Facts connect to facts. + But there's other, more playful ways for cards to be... + + + + + + + CONNECTED + + + + + + This card is... alright. + It's an English word on the front, French word on the back. + + It's the standard for most language-learning flashcards: + + + + + + + + + + + But you know what would make it stick in memory better? + + + If you connected it to + pictures, sounds, context, and/or personal details! + Like so: + + + + + + + + + + + The front now has a drawing of a cat (picture) + with a fill-in-the-blank French sentence (context: grammar) + about my childhood cat, Stripes. (personal) + + + + + + + The back now has a symbol of the noun's gender (picture), + its pronunciation (sound*), + and a warning about the female version of the noun. (context: slang) + + + * Obviously, paper cards can't play sounds. + But apps like Anki/Tinycards can! + + + + + + + But the most important connection of all, + is to connect your learning to something that is... + + + + + + + MEANINGFUL + + + + + + + Personally, here's how I've learnt best: + First, I try (emphasis on try) to do something. + + + play the ukulele + + + read french comics + + + make a web game + + + + + + + Inevitably, I'll get stuck. + In that moment, I'll look up what I need, + and learn something. + + + how do you play F#? + + + what's "attraper" mean? + + + why is javascript such a piece of sh– + + + + + + + + + + + And so on. + + + + + + + That, I believe, is the best way to keep yourself motivated while learning: + + + By making sure your learning is in service of doing something you care about. + + + + + + Speaking of learning, let's practice recalling what we've learnt: + (this will be the second-last time!) + + + + + + + + + + + The consensus in the Spaced Repetition community is, + after a while, you should make your own cards. + + + This way, you can connect facts to what you know, what you love. + + + + + + + That's why, in the final part of this interactive comic, + you're going to make your own cards! + + + And those cards will be about... + + + + + + + YOU + + + +
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+ GET STARTED TODAY! +
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+ + + + + To help you get started with Spaced Repetition today, + you need to answer four questions: + + + + WHAT? + + + WHY? + + + HOW? + + + WHEN? + + + + + + You'll answer these questions by making flashcards! + So, here's the front of our first flashcard, our first question: + + + + + + + + + + + + For example, you could use Spaced Repetition to help you learn... + + + a new language + + + a new instrument + + + computer programming + + + details of friends' lives + + + anything interesting you find, anywhere! + + + all the pokémon + + + Now, you write your answer on the back: + + + + + + + + + + (note: you can scroll back here & change your answer later) + + + + + + However, recall that for Spaced Repetition to work, + you need to connect it to something you care about. + So our next question is: + + + + + + + + + + + + That may be too philosophical, so here's some + concrete examples of a why behind a what: + + + WHAT: a new language +
+ WHY: to speak to friends, family, lovers in their native tongue + + + WHAT: computer programming +
+ WHY: to make money so you can eat + + + WHAT: anything interesting +
+ WHY: curiosity, for its own sake! + + + So... what's your why? + + + + + + + + + + You now have your what and why... but we still need to pick a how! + That is, what tool/app do you want to use? + Our next card asks: + + + + + + + + + + + + I currently use + The Leitner Box, + but my friends use + Anki, + and for a while I used + TinyCards. + (links open in new tabs) + Here's how they compare: + + + Leitner Box +
+ Pros: arts-and-craftsy, easy to use +
+ Cons: not as portable as an app + + + Anki (app) +
+ Pros: huge community, open-source, lots of powerful features +
+ Cons: kinda ugly + + + TinyCards (app) +
+ Pros: beautiful design, easy to use +
+ Cons: max 150 cards per deck, doesn't let you decide if you got a card right + + + (Want something else? + Here's a few other tools: + SuperMemo, + NimbleNotes, + Mnemosyne) + + + * anti-disclaimer: i am not affiliated with any of these. + i just think they're cool & helpful! + + + + + + So, what's it gonna be? + + + + + + + + + + + Just one card left! + Now: doing Spaced Repetition is actually quite easy... + however, doing it as a daily habit is hard. + + + Why? Because getting the ball rolling on any new habit is hard. + + + + + + + Hard, but straightforward. + The science of habits shows that if you do the same thing, given the same cue, + over and over... + + + have a nice day! + + + thanks, you too! + + + happy holidays! + + + thanks, you too! + + + here's your change! + + + thanks, you too! + + + ...it'll become a habit, for better or worse. + So for a Spaced Repetition habit, our question is: + + + + + + + + + + + + For example, you could play the Spaced Repetition game... + + + after you wake up + + + on your commute + + + before sleeping + + + It doesn't really matter when you do it, as long as you do it + daily and consistently (more or less - you can skip a day once in a while). + + + + + + + (Tip: whenever I try to create a new habit, + I draw a circle on a calendar for each day I successfully do it) + + + (It's a game I play with myself! The goal is to try not break + my streak, and build the longest chain I can.) + + + + + + Now, let's fill out that final flashcard: + + + + + + + + + + Et voilà, here's all four of your flashcards, all about you! + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + But like I said, I want to help you take control of your memory today. + + + Not "eventually", not "tomorrow", TODAY. + + + + + + + so to help... + + + let's download some + + COOL GOODIES + + + + + + + + FIRST: + + to remind you to play the Spaced Repetition game daily! + + + +
+ +
+ (click to download ↓) + +
+ + + + + SECOND: + + + + + + + + And finally, + THIRD: + a .zip of all the flashcards you've been practicing in this interactive comic! + + + + + + + + + + (These can be your first few days' worth of Spaced Repetition cards, + to help you get started! And as a plus, you'll get to remember everything + you learnt here today, forever-ish.) + + + + + + + Which reminds me... + + + one last goodbye, + for old time's sake, + the final swan song! + + + ...let's review our flashcards, all of them: + + + + + + + + + + + Sniff... + It's always so hard to say goodbye... + + + + + + + HONK + + + + + + + I'll miss the time we had together... + + + ...but I hope we live on in each others' memories! + + + + + + + If you're a student, I hope Spaced Repetition + helps you be more confident, and take learning into your own hands. + + + + + + + If you're a teacher, + please oh please tell your students about Spaced Repetition + (& other evidence-based study habits) early on. + + + + + + + But whether you're in or out of school, + I hope Spaced Repetition helps you develop your memory, your mind, + your Muse... + + + "no!" screamed the mitochondria, as she slid down the cell's warm, wet throat. "i don't– + + + + + + + ...and learn one of life's greatest loves: + + + a lifelong love of learning. + + + + + + + + + + (P.S: I genuinely wanna know how you'll use Spaced Repetition! + Tweet a photo of your Box/Anki with the tag + + #SpacedRepetition – + I'll collect examples into a page for everyone to see!) +

+ (Want more? Scroll down for further reading & credits!) +
+ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ + + + + +
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+ +
+ +
+ +
+ Written, drawn, and programmed by +
+ + Nicky Case + +
+ + +
+
+ +

+ + Also, this interactive comic is + + + + + + + + + + + PUBLIC DOMAIN + + + + meaning you can freely use this thing for educational, personal, or even commercial purposes. + You already have my permission! + + (Download the code) + + (Translate this comic) + +

+ +

+ However, I'm only able to do this thanks to my 1,000+ Patreon supporters. + They let me keep doing what I love. Thank you! 💖 + + (Wanna chip in too? Click here!) + +

+ +
+ +

+ Further Reading +

+ +

+ Something something shoulders of giants. + Here are the reads that made Spaced Repetition a part of my daily life: +

+ +
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  • + 🤓 + + Augmenting Long-Term Memory + by Michael Nielsen + showed me that Spaced Repetition wasn't just a tool for memorization, + it's a tool to build deep understanding. It could even be a way of life. +
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  • + 💬 + + Fluent Forever + by Gabriel Wyner + convinced me to finally (re)start learning French, + and create a Leitner Box. (my 64-day calendar was adapted from this book) +
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  • + 🃏 + + 20 Rules for Cards + by Piotr Wozniak taught me how to squeeze the most out of Spaced Repetition. + (Note: the author also invented the algorithm used by Anki!) +
    • +
+ + And my favorite reads on the science of learning: + + + +

+ And if you want to learn-by-playing more stuff, + + check out Explorable Explanations! 🕹️ +

+ +
+ +

+ More Thanks +

+ +

+ 👀 Thank you to all my playtesters for making this project not suck: + + Aatish Bhatia, Adam Filinovich, Aimee Jarboe, Alex Jaffe, Amit Patel, Andy Matuschak, B Cavello, Chris Walker, Frank Lantz, Gal Green, Glen Chiacchieri, Hamish Todd, Henry Reich, Jacque Goupil, James Lytle, + Jez Swanson, Josh Comeau, Kayle Sawyer, Levi Robertson, Marcelo Gallardo, Martyna Wasiluk, Michael Nielsen, Mikayla Hutchinson, Mike Gifford, Monica Srivastava, Owen Landgren, + Paul Butler, Paul Simeon, Philipp Wacker, Pontus Granström, Rowan, Sebastian Morr, SpacieCat, Tanya Short, Tim & Alexandra Swast, Tom Hermans, Toph Tucker, Will Harris-Braun, Zeno Rogue + +

+ +

+ 📹 Thank you Chris Walker for making the + + Leitner Box crafting video! + (P.S: + + Chris makes interactive stuff, + too!) +

+ +

+ 🐞 Thank you Omar Rizwan for helping me figure out Mobile Safari's endless pit of bugs +

+ +

+ 🔊 This project was made with Creative Commons assets + from Wikimedia Commons and FreeSounds. + + (See full credits) +

+ +

+ 💖 And again, huge thanks to all my Patreon supporters who made this possible: +

+ + + +

+ 🙏 And finally, thank you for being the kind of person who sits through the credits! + You can + + play more of my stuff, + + follow me on Twitter, + or + + support me on Patreon. + I sincerely hope this comic could help you, in whatever small way. +

+ +

+ Happy learning!
+ ~ Nicky Case +

+ + +
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+ + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + Intro + · + The Science + · + The Art + · + Get Started! + · + Credits + + + + + try to recall ↑ + then flip ↻ + + + (cards left: [N]) + + + did you remember this? + + + nah, try again + + + yup, onwards! + + + done for now! keep scrolling +
+ ↓ + + + that's all, folks! +
+ ↓ + + + + + strength of memory → + + + time → + + + decay: + + + sweet spot: + + + timing of recall: + + + timing of recalls: + + + auto-optimize! + + + + + + On Day [N]... + + + review Levels [N] (in that order) + + + (and then loop back to Day 1!) + + + + + Day [N] + + + to review: Level + + + review Level [N] + + + add [N] new cards + + + total: [N] cards! + + + ([N] retired) + + + next step + + + next day + + + next week + + + next month + + + [N] new cards a day + + + recall [N]% of cards wrong + + + RESET + + + + + Q: + + + + type your answer here + + + or pick one of these suggestions: + + + + +
  • Anything interesting!
    • +
  • A language
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  • Music
    • +
  • Coding
    • +
  • Personal
    • +
  • (other)
    • +     + +
  • For people I love
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  • For my own sake
    • +
  • For curiosity's sake
    • +
  • (other)
    • +     + +
  • Leitner Box
    • +
  • Anki
    • +
  • TinyCards
    • +
  • (other)
    • +     + +
  • In the morning
    • +
  • On my commute
    • +
  • In the evening
    • +
  • (other)
    • +     + + + + WHAT: + + + WHY: + + + DO + + + ME! + + + wallpaper + + + a wallpaper for your desktop, + + + a lock-screen wallpaper for your phone, + + + a video, by my dear friend Chris Walker, on how to craft your very own Leitner Box! +

    + +
    + (And here's a similar tutorial, in IKEA form:) +

    + +
    click to download PDF     +     + + a link to + download Anki! + And here's a video tutorial on how to use it: +

    + +     + + a link to + + TinyCards! + (i recommend checking out their + + geography decks) + + + links to tutorials on crafting a Leitner Box + + [video] + + [pdf], + + the Anki app, + and + + TinyCards! + + + + + DOWNLOAD ALL CARDS + + + DOWNLOADING... + + + DONE! Check your Downloads folder. + + + + + How To Remember Anything Forever-ish + + + an interactive comic on the art & science of memory + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    + and the name of this game is... +
    +     + +
    +
    + SPACED REPETITION +
    +     + +
    + Spaced Repetition = ____ + ____ +
    +     + +
    +
    + testing + time +
    +     + +
    + 3 common but ineffective learning/teaching practices are... +
    +     + +
    + ...lectures, cramming, and re-reading +
    +     + +
    + In Greek Mythology, + the goddess of ____ + was the mother of the goddesses of + ________ +
    +     + +
    +
    + Memory is the mother of Inspiration +
    +     + + + + + + +
    + the best way to space out your recalls is... +
    +     + +
    +
    + ...with increasing gaps! +
    +     + +
    + The pioneer of the experimental science of memory was... +
    +     + +
    +
    + Hermann Ebbinghaus +
    +     + +
    + The Forgetting Curve (without any recalls) looks like... +
    +     + +
    +
    + (note: it decays quickly, then slowly - "exponential decay") +
    +     + +
    + The Forgetting Curve (with well-spaced recalls) looks like... +
    +     + +
    +
    + (note: the gaps between recalls increase in length) +
    +     + + + + + + + +
    + In the Leitner Box, we ______ + the gap (# of days between reviews) for each Level +
    +     + +
    +
    + double the gap +
    +     + +
    + The Leitner Box game: +
    + when you get a card right, you move it ______ . +
    +     + +
    +
    + up one Level +
    +     + +
    + The Leitner Box game: +
    + when you get a card wrong, you move it ______ . +
    +     + +
    +
    + back to Level 1! +
    +     + +
    + According to some random comic-game on the internet, + my Spaced Repetition flashcards should be + ______ , + ______ , and + ______ . +
    +     + +
    +
    + small, connected & meaningful +
    +     + + + +
    +
    + What's this? +
    +     + +
    + This organelle is called "mitochondria". + Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. + They're found in almost all eukaryotic (nucleus-having) organisms. + The most widely-accepted hypothesis for the origin of mitochondria is Endosymbiotic Theory: + around ~1.5 billion years ago, a prokaryotic (nucleus-lacking) cell that was "eaten" by another cell, + somehow survived, and has continued to live inside them ever since. +
    +     + +
    +
    + What's this? +
    +     + +
    + Mitochondria +
    +     + +
    +
    + Mitochondria is the _______ of the cell +
    +     + +
    + powerhouse + + // bonus note: seriously though, we'd all be dead without 'em. + +
    +     + +
    +
    + Mitochondria is found in almost all ____ organisms. +
    +     + +
    + eukaryotic +
    +     + +
    + Eukaryotes are cells that... +
    +     + +
    +
    + have a nucleus + + // bonus note: "eu"=good, "karyon"=kernel + +
    +     + +
    + Prokaryotes are cells that... +
    +     + +
    +
    + DON'T have a nucleus + + // bonus note: "pro"=before, "karyon"=kernel + +
    +     + +
    +
    + The most widely-accepted hypothesis for the origin of mitochondria is... +
    +     + +
    + Endosymbiotic Theory + + // bonus note: "endo"=inner, "sym"=together, "bio"=living + +
    +     + +
    +
    + According to Endosymbiotic Theory, mitochondria arose around + ____ years ago +
    +     + +
    + ~1.5 billion years ago +
    +     + +
    +
    + According to Endosymbiotic Theory, mitochondria first arose when... +
    +     + +
    +
    + when a prokaryote was eaten by another cell +
    +     + + + +
    +
    + cat + +
    +
    + (english) + +
    +
    +     + +
    + +
    + chat +
    +
    + (french) +
    +
    +     + +
    +
    +     + +
    +
    + +
    +     + + +
    +
    + then back to doing... ↻ +
    +     + +
    +
    + then back to learning... ↻ +
    +     + + + + + + + + +
    +
    + WHAT do you want to learn? +
    +     + +
    + Anything interesting! +
    +     + +
    +
    + WHY do you want to learn? +
    +     + +
    + For curiosity's sake +
    +     + +
    +
    + HOW do you want to do Spaced Repetition? +
    +     + +
    + Leitner Box +
    +     + +
    +
    + WHEN do you want to do Spaced Repetition? +
    +     + +
    + In the evening +
    +     + + +
    +     + +
    +
    + THE END +
    +     + + +
    + + + + + + + + + + From 3b8cd807ca73f677f248e2ed74e5891775640014 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Shaoliang Nie Date: Fri, 9 Nov 2018 15:00:47 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 02/19] finish the first chapter --- zh.html | 224 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------------- 1 file changed, 112 insertions(+), 112 deletions(-) diff --git a/zh.html b/zh.html index 160fb67..bf751fc 100644 --- a/zh.html +++ b/zh.html @@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att 一些常见的做法例如课堂的讲课， 填鸭式的用功，以及重复阅读， - 不仅无聊，还被科学表明 + 不仅 无聊，还被科学表明 其实并不好使。* @@ -181,11 +181,11 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att 但是，如果我说有一种学习的方法， - 它有实证基础而且好玩？ + 它有实证基础 而且 好玩？ 如果我说有一个记忆卡片游戏，你每天只要玩上二十分钟， - 就可以把任何想记住的长期记住，甚至永远记住？ + 就可以把 任何想记住的 长期记住，甚至 永远记住？ @@ -203,12 +203,12 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att - 而且这个游戏超酷的。 + 而且这个游戏 超酷的。 我从今年早期开始用间隔重复来学习法语。 - 两个月内，我学会了比高中法语课 - 两年更多的词汇。 + 两个 月 内，我学会了比高中法语课 + 两 年 更多的词汇。 @@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att 任何我在书本，讲话，文章以及其他途径里发掘到的有趣的东西！ - ...这个记忆卡片游戏变成了我人生的一个核心部分。 + ...这个记忆卡片游戏变成了我 人生 的一个核心部分。 @@ -241,27 +241,27 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att 你重复测试自己关于一个事实的记忆，把这种重复在时间里间隔开来。 - （但是这样不就没有尽头了吗？啊，我们稍后会看到，这里有一个小诀窍...） + (但是这样不就没有尽头了吗？啊，我们稍后会看到，这里有一个小诀窍...) - 间隔重复是免费的，有实证基础的，而且特别简单，以至于你可以用一个鞋盒去实现。 + 间隔重复是免费的，有实证基础的，而且特别简单，以至于你可以用一个 鞋盒 去实现。 nicky闭嘴 - 所以，有什么隐情呢？为什么并不是每个人都已经在用间隔重复？ + 所以，有什么隐情呢？为什么并不是 每个人 都已经在用间隔重复？ - 好，隐情就是养成任何新习惯都难 + 好，隐情就是养成 任何 新习惯都难 - 特别是像间隔重复这么奇怪的习惯。 @@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att 我会让你看到它为什么有效，怎样运转发挥作用... - ...以及帮助你从今天开始上手。 + ...以及帮助你从 今天 开始上手。 @@ -309,10 +309,10 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att 我们不应该反而去学习创造力 & 批判性思维吗？ - 这里没有“反而”。 + 这里 没有 “反而”。 认知科学表明 - 你需要记忆来支撑创造力 & 批判性思维。 - （假设要写一篇文章，然而你一个字都不认识！） + 你 需要 记忆来支撑创造力 & 批判性思维。 + (假设要写一篇文章，然而你一个字都不认识！) 记忆 @@ -332,8 +332,8 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att 也不是一种“生活伎俩”。 - 它是一种方式，让你掌控你的头脑和心力。 - 使得长期记忆成为一个选择。 + 它是一种方式，让你掌控你的 头脑和心力。 + 使得长期记忆成为一个 选择。 滋养出你对学习的终身爱恋... @@ -383,39 +383,39 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att - In 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus performed an act of scientific masochism. + 1885年，赫尔曼·艾宾豪斯进行了一项科学的自虐行为。 - The German psychologist memorized thousands of nonsense words, - recorded how much he forgot over time, and discovered... + 这个德国心理学家首先背下了 几千个 毫无意义的单词， + 然后记录了自己遗忘程度随时间的变化，接着他发现... - THE FORGETTING CURVE + 遗忘曲线 - He found that you forget most of what you learn in the first 24 hours, - then – if you don’t practice recall – your remaining memories decay exponentially.* + 他发现你会在最初的24小时内忘记大部分你学到的东西， + 然后 – 如果你不去回想的话 – 你剩下的记忆会指数型衰减。* - * technically the curve isn't exactly + * 一个来说这条曲线并不 完全
    - exponential, but, eh, close enough. + 呈指数型, 但是, 呃, 很接近。     - Philosophers have debated about memory for millennia, - but Ebbinghaus was the first to do actual experiments. - (which have been replicated) + 哲学家们对记忆的辩论已经有几千年了， + 但是艾宾豪斯是第一个人去做了真正的 实验。 + (实验有被复制) plz... @@ -427,15 +427,15 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att me... - For that reason, Hermann Ebbinghaus is known as - the pioneer of the science of memory. + 正因如此，赫尔曼·艾宾浩斯被称为 + 记忆科学的先驱。 - Here’s a playable simulation of the Forgetting Curve. - Change the rate of memory decay. What happens to the curve? + 这是一个可供玩耍的关于遗忘曲线的模拟。 + 改变记忆衰退的速率。曲线会怎么变化呢？ @@ -445,29 +445,29 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att - As you can see, the less the decay, the flatter the curve – - that is, the longer the memory lasts. + 你可以看到，衰退速率越低，曲线越平缓 – + 也就是说，记忆的持续时间会越长。 - How fast a person’s memory decays depends on the person and the memory... + 一个人记忆衰减的快慢取决于这个人本身和TA的记忆... - hi! sorry, what's your name again? + 嗨！不好意思哦，你叫什么名字来着？ - haha. it's susan. + 呵呵。我叫susan。 - But in general, a memory’s “rate of decay” slows down each time you actively recall it. - (versus passively re-reading it) + 但是一般来说，每次你去 主动回想， 记忆的“衰减速率”就会减慢。 + (而不是被动地去重复阅读) susan. susan. susan. susan. susan. @@ -477,16 +477,16 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att - (although, when you stop practicing, it still decays.) + (然而，如果你停止练习，记忆会继续衰减。) - okay bye sarah! + 好的，sarah 拜拜！ susan. - bye sandy! + 拜 sandy! SUSAN. @@ -495,11 +495,11 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att - Here’s the simulation again, with a single active recall session. + 又是之前的那个模拟，在这里它有单个主动回想的时程
    - (grey line: what memory would've been without the recall) + (灰线：如果 没有 回想，记忆会是什么样)
    - Change the recall timing to see how it affects the curve: + 改变回想发生的时间点，看它怎么影响这条曲线:     @@ -509,76 +509,76 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att - A single recall boosts memory for a bit... but in the long run, - due to exponential decay of memory, a single recall changes nothing. + 单个回想时程对记忆有一点点促进... 但是长期来说， + 因为记忆的指数型衰减，单个的回想时程不能带来什么改变。 - Is there a better way to learn? - There is! The trick to remembering... + 有更好的学习方法吗？ + 有的！记忆的秘诀就是... - ...is to almost forget. + ...到达几乎忘记的时候。 - To understand this, think about training your muscles. - You’ll gain nothing with a weight that’s too easy... + 为了理解，想一想训练你的肌肉。 + 如果训练太容易你的肌肉不会增长... - ...nor one that’s too hard. + ...太难也不行。 - The same’s true of training your brain. - You need desirable difficulty: the sweet spot of just-hard-enough. + 同样的道理适用于你的脑子。 + 你需要的是 有益难度 ：难的恰到好处。 - comfort + 舒适 - discomfort + 难受 - too easy + 太容易 - just right + 刚刚好 - too hard + 太难 - Therefore: to best learn something, you need to recall it... + 所以：学习什么事最好的办法，就是选定时机去回想这件事... - ...just as you’re about to forget it. + ...在你就要忘记的时候。 - Same simulation as before, but now it shows the - sweet spot – - where you’ve forgotten just a little bit. - Put the recall in the middle of the sweet spot. What happens? + 还是之前的模拟，但是它现在有显示 + 最佳时机带 – + 那就是你正好忘了 一点点 的时候。 + 把回想的时间点放到最佳时机带的 中间。怎么样？ @@ -588,22 +588,22 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att - See? If you time a recall just right, - you can slow down the decay by a bit! - Now, what about multiple recalls? + 看到了吗？如果你的回想时间点选的刚好， + 你可以让衰减速率慢下来一点！ + 好了，如果有 多个 回想时程呢？ - Let’s say you’re - lazy - time-efficient, so you’re only doing 4 recall sessions. + 让我们假设你 + 很懒 + 效率高，所以你只需要4个回想时程。 - Question: - what’s the best way to spread out your recalls? + 问题： + 分布回想时程最好的方式是什么？ susan @@ -613,35 +613,35 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att - Should you have evenly spaced gaps? - Gaps of increasing length? - Gaps of decreasing length? - Or make it unpredictable, to keep you on your toes? + 你应该均匀分布间隔吗？ + 间隔不断加长？ + 间隔不断变短？ + 或者让它不可预测，助你时刻保持警惕？ - = recall + = 回想 - time + 时间 - even gaps: + 均匀式间隔: - increasing gaps: + 增长式间隔: - decreasing gaps: + 变短式间隔: - random gaps: + 随机式间隔: - Give it your best guess, - then when you’re ready, flip the card over ↓ + 给出你最好的猜测， + 当你准备好的时候， 把卡片翻过来 ↓ @@ -651,11 +651,11 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att - Which is very counter-intuitive! - You can prove to yourself this is true, by playing with the sim below. + 这很不符合直觉有没有！ + 你可以通过和下面的模拟的互动，向自己证明这是对的。 - Get all recalls into the middle of the sweet spot. - What spacing do you get? + 把所有的回想时程全都放到 最佳时机带 的 中间。 + 你得到了什么样的间隔分布？ @@ -666,11 +666,11 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att - (To prove this isn't a fluke, - here’s a sim where you can change - the initial memory decay & sweet spot. - Note how, in all but the extreme cases, - the best schedule is still “increasing gaps”!) + (为了证明这不是一个巧合， + 这里提供一个你可以改变 + 最初记忆衰减 & 最佳时机带的模拟。 + 去观察，在除了极端情况的几乎所有其他情况中， + 为何最好的安排仍然是“增长式间隔”！) @@ -681,36 +681,36 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att - Why must the gaps increase? - Because: each time you do a recall at the sweet spot of forgetting, - the memory’s decay slows down... + 为什么间隔 必须 变大？ + 因为：每次你在最佳时机带做一次回想， + 记忆的衰减率就会放缓... - it's + 名字是 SUSAN! - –the fu + –这个 fu - ...meaning it’ll take longer - to hit the sweet spot next time! + ...这意味着需要 更长 + 的时间再次到达最佳时机带！ - But you know what’s sweeter? - This also means if you time your recalls just right... + 但你知道更爽的是什么吗？ + 这也意味着如果你的回想时间点选的刚刚好... - ...you can easily keep any number of things in your long-term memory, - FOREVER. + ...你就可以轻易地吧 任何数量 的事情装进你的长期记忆， + 永永远远。 @@ -720,8 +720,8 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att - And speaking of doing active recall in order to learn, - let's do some active recall on what we just learnt: + 既然说到要通过主动回想去学习， + 就让我们主动回想下我们刚刚学到的东西： @@ -732,8 +732,8 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att - Well that's nice, - but actually finding a good Spaced Repetition schedule must be hard, right? + 嗯不错哦， + 但是真的要 找到 一个好的间隔重复的时间安排一定很难。是不是？ @@ -741,14 +741,14 @@ If that's not possible, and your text doesn't fit in its box, you can modify att Au contraire! - It’s actually so simple, you can even create your own automatic scheduler... + 其实很简单，你甚至可以创作一个属于自己的自动调度器... - ...using a shoebox. + ...用一个 鞋盒 就行。 From 2a033d2d5c09551a8ffac343bf08c8a57dea0dc1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Shaoliang Nie Date: Fri, 9 Nov 2018 15:03:28 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 03/19] change title --- .DS_Store | Bin 0 -> 6148 bytes zh.html | 8 ++++---- 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) create mode 100644 .DS_Store diff --git a/.DS_Store b/.DS_Store new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25de6aefb3c0ec946de00030efb900a05d83c8df GIT binary patch literal 6148 zcmeH~K?=e^3`G;|LU7Zi%h`AUZ!n0Spcil;=wTS#c@+X-IrEk$` zL`2uO{Ys=2kr~`nmKH{)$Qv2tC}$b&-L*em`U7fKpTt>P!&@2c$2NroNPq-LfCNb3 zhX~lc4V%rYGLirZkie6GeIF9sG>4X|{^>yQ5dhkt?1r_^63}D?Xbvq^QGsbp4;roN zV~Ewg9h%}?4lPw{yJ!p_8c$Z6VqjX^MH3R3W)}t$Ab}BqY0X=^|F`f@^Z%%YDG89k zpApbz({0vxskmF;UeD^gsM@-~p?)0U