diff --git a/fr.html b/fr.html index c47e395..d22cc3c 100644 --- a/fr.html +++ b/fr.html @@ -2641,2738 +2641,6 @@ Good luck! - - - - - -
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- WHAT do you want to learn? -
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- Anything interesting! -
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- WHY do you want to learn? -
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- For curiosity's sake -
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- HOW do you want to do Spaced Repetition? -
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- Leitner Box -
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- WHEN do you want to do Spaced Repetition? -
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- In the evening -
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- THE END -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -======= - - - - - - - - How To Remember Anything Forever-ish - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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- HOW TO REMEMBER ANYTHING FOREVER-ISH -
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- by nicky case · oct 2018 -
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- - - - - - - - - In Greek mythology, Mnemosyne, the goddess of Memory... - - - ...was the mother of the Muses, the goddesses of inspiration. - - - music - - - theatre - - - weird fanfic - - - - - - So, how's Memory and Inspiration doing in schools? - - - - - - - bla - bla - bla - bla - bla - bla - bla - bla - - - - - - - Yeah. - - - Not only are common practices like lectures, cramming, and re-reading boring, - science has shown they don't even work well.* - - - - - - * all sources and links will be at the end of this comic! - - - - - - - But what if I said there's a way to learn - that's evidence-based and fun? - - - What if I said there's a memory card game you can play, for 20 minutes a day, - to store anything you choose into long-term memory, forever?* - - - - - - - * until you die - - - - - - - - - - - And it's awesome. - I started using Spaced Repetition earlier this year to learn French. - - - In two months, I learnt more words than I did in two years - of high school French classes. - - - - - - - Since then, I've used Spaced Repetition to remember all sorts of things... - - - ukulele chords - - - computer code - - - friends' birthdays - - - anything interesting i find in books, talks, articles, etc! - - - ...and this lil' memory card game became a core part of my life. - - - - - - - In short, Spaced Repetition = testing + time. - - - You test yourself on a fact repeatedly, spacing out your repetitions over time. - (But won't this take forever? Ah, as we'll see later, there's a trick...) - - - - - - - Spaced Repetition is free, evidence-based, and so simple you can do it with a shoebox. - - - nicky shut up - - - So, what's the catch? Why isn't everyone already doing Spaced Repetition? - - - - - - - Well, the catch is that making any new habit is hard - – especially a weird habit like Spaced Repetition. - - - teacher's coming - - - That's why I made this badly-drawn interactive comic. - - - - - - - In this comic on Spaced Repetition, - I'll show you WHY it works, HOW it works... - - - ...and help you get started with it TODAY. - - - - - - - Also, throughout this comic, - you can test yourself on what you've learnt, - at spaced-out intervals. - That is: you'll use Spaced Repetition to learn about Spaced Repetition. - -

- Like so: - - - - - - - - - - - - Still, isn't "rote memorization" bad? - Can't we look everything up these days? - Shouldn't we learn creativity & critical thinking instead? - - - There is no "instead". - Cognitive science shows - you need memorization for creativity & critical thinking. - (Imagine writing an essay if you know no words!) - - - MEMORY - - - art - - - science - - - - - - - Spaced Repetition isn't a "study trick". - It isn't a "life hack". - - - It's a way to take back control of your mind. - To make long-term memory a choice. - To develop a lifelong love of learning... - - - - - - - ...to mother your own, inner Muse. - - - Tony Stark nearly gasped as a gloved hand trailed down his spine. - The steady pressure was smooth and almost reassuring. - Obama chuckled. “You mean, the– - - - Let's begin. - - - -
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- THE SCIENCE of - SPACED REPETITION -
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- - - - - In 1885, Hermann Ebbinghaus performed an act of scientific masochism. - - - The German psychologist memorized thousands of nonsense words, - recorded how much he forgot over time, and discovered... - - - - - - - THE FORGETTING CURVE - - - He found that you forget most of what you learn in the first 24 hours, - then – if you don’t practice recall – your remaining memories decay exponentially.* - - - - - - * technically the curve isn't exactly -
- exponential, but, eh, close enough. - - - - - - - Philosophers have debated about memory for millennia, - but Ebbinghaus was the first to do actual experiments. - (which have been replicated) - - - plz... - - - kill... - - - me... - - - For that reason, Hermann Ebbinghaus is known as - the pioneer of the science of memory. - - - - - - Here’s a playable simulation of the Forgetting Curve. - Change the rate of memory decay. What happens to the curve? - - - - - - - - - - As you can see, the less the decay, the flatter the curve – - that is, the longer the memory lasts. - - - - - - - How fast a person’s memory decays depends on the person and the memory... - - - hi! sorry, what's your name again? - - - haha. it's susan. - - - - - - - But in general, a memory’s “rate of decay” slows down each time you actively recall it. - (versus passively re-reading it) - - - susan. susan. susan. susan. susan. - - - - - - - (although, when you stop practicing, it still decays.) - - - okay bye sarah! - - - susan. - - - bye sandy! - - - SUSAN. - - - - - - Here’s the simulation again, with a single active recall session. -
- (grey line: what memory would've been without the recall) -
- Change the recall timing to see how it affects the curve: - - - - - - - - - - A single recall boosts memory for a bit... but in the long run, - due to exponential decay of memory, a single recall changes nothing. - - - - - - - Is there a better way to learn? - There is! The trick to remembering... - - - ...is to almost forget. - - - - - - - To understand this, think about training your muscles. - You’ll gain nothing with a weight that’s too easy... - - - - - - - ...nor one that’s too hard. - - - - - - - The same’s true of training your brain. - You need desirable difficulty: the sweet spot of just-hard-enough. - - - comfort - - - discomfort - - - too easy - - - just right - - - too hard - - - - - - - Therefore: to best learn something, you need to recall it... - - - ...just as you’re about to forget it. - - - - - - Same simulation as before, but now it shows the - sweet spot – - where you’ve forgotten just a little bit. - Put the recall in the middle of the sweet spot. What happens? - - - - - - - - - - See? If you time a recall just right, - you can slow down the decay by a bit! - Now, what about multiple recalls? - - - - - - - Let’s say you’re - lazy - time-efficient, so you’re only doing 4 recall sessions. - - - Question: - what’s the best way to spread out your recalls? - - - susan - - - - - - - Should you have evenly spaced gaps? - Gaps of increasing length? - Gaps of decreasing length? - Or make it unpredictable, to keep you on your toes? - - - = recall - - - time - - - even gaps: - - - increasing gaps: - - - decreasing gaps: - - - random gaps: - - - - - - Give it your best guess, - then when you’re ready, flip the card over ↓ - - - - - - - - - - Which is very counter-intuitive! - You can prove to yourself this is true, by playing with the sim below. - - Get all recalls into the middle of the sweet spot. - What spacing do you get? - - - - - - - - - - - (To prove this isn't a fluke, - here’s a sim where you can change - the initial memory decay & sweet spot. - Note how, in all but the extreme cases, - the best schedule is still “increasing gaps”!) - - - - - - - - - - - Why must the gaps increase? - Because: each time you do a recall at the sweet spot of forgetting, - the memory’s decay slows down... - - - it's - - - SUSAN! - - - –the fu - - - - ...meaning it’ll take longer - to hit the sweet spot next time! - - - - - - - But you know what’s sweeter? - This also means if you time your recalls just right... - - - ...you can easily keep any number of things in your long-term memory, - FOREVER. - - - - - - - - - - And speaking of doing active recall in order to learn, - let's do some active recall on what we just learnt: - - - - - - - - - - - Well that's nice, - but actually finding a good Spaced Repetition schedule must be hard, right? - - - - - - - Au contraire! - It’s actually so simple, you can even create your own automatic scheduler... - - - - - - - ...using a shoebox. - - - -
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- THE ART of - SPACED REPETITION -
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- - - - - You don't have to use a shoebox for Spaced Repetition, - but it's funnier if you do. - - - and this is my private tutor - - - ??? - - - they're TRAINERS - - - - we're not friends anymore - - - - (Later, we'll look at some Spaced Repetition apps, - like Anki & Tinycards) - - - - - - - This setup is called The Leitner Box. - It's like a card game you play against yourself! - - - First, divide your box up into seven "Levels". - (You can have more or fewer if you like!) - - - - - - - All new flashcards start at Level 1. - - - (If you're new to Spaced Repetition, I recommend starting with 5 new cards a day.) - - - - - - - When you review a card, and get it right, it moves up one Level. - - - (If you're at the final Level, congrats! - Your card retires. Off it goes, to card heaven.) - - - - - - - But if you review a card, and get it wrong... it has to go - all the way back down to Level 1. - - - (If it's already at Level 1, good news: - you can keep testing yourself on it until you get it right, - and move it up to Level 2) - - - - - - - But when do we review cards? - That's the trick. - In the Leitner Box, we review Level 1 cards every day, - Level 2 every two days, Level 3 every FOUR days, - Level 4 every EIGHT days, etc... - - - The pattern is: we double the gap (# of days between reviews) for each Level! - - - - - - Here's what the looping 64-day game calendar looks like: - - - - - - - - - - - (Note: the reason we review Level 1 at the end - is so you'll see your new cards and the cards you forgot from higher Levels.) - - - (At the end of a daily game of Spaced Repetition, - leave no cards in Level 1. - Test yourself until you can get them all right, - and move them up to Level 2!) - - - - - - - (Note #2: Spaced Repetition apps like Anki use a more sophisticated algorithm...) - - - (...but at its core, they work on the same principles as the Leitner Box) - - - - - - - (Note #3: Oh, and with a few index cards & tape, - you can make your own foldable, looping calendar!) - - - (at the end, I'll link to a video tutorial for crafting a Leitner Box) - - - - - - Now, to show the game in action! - Here's a step-by-step simulation of the Leitner Box: - (we'll see a month-by-month sim later) - - - - - - - - - - Each daily review takes 20-30 minutes. - Instead of watching a TV episode, you could play a card game – - and remember anything you want for life. - - - - - - - However, habits are hard. If you start big, you won't get the ball rolling... - - - But if you start small, you can gain momentum, - and roll your snowball bigger and bigger. - - - - - - - That's why I recommend starting with 5 new cards a day. - - - Once you're comfortable with that, you can do 10 new cards/day. - Then 15. Then 20, 25, 30. - - - And at 30 new cards a day, you can learn 10,000+ new facts/words/etc a year. - - - na na na na na na na na na - - - katamari damacy - - - - - - - Now, here's the month-by-month simulation. - Use this to calculate in advance how much you can learn with Spaced Repetition! - - - - - - - - - - That's it. That's how you can make long-term memory a choice. - - - Let's let that sink in. Take a break, and recall what we just learnt: - - - - - - - - - - Spaced Repetition almost seems too good to be true. -
- And it is... IF you fall for some very common pitfalls. - - - - - - - Memory isn't a bookshelf - where you collect random giant tomes to impress others. - - - a bunch of - - - crap you'll - - - never get - - - around to - - - reading - - - That's to say: Spaced Repetition will fail if your cards feel - bloated, disconnected or meaningless. - - - - - - - Instead, memory is like a jigsaw puzzle: full of small, connected pieces. - (This is also how neurons work: lots of small, connected things) - - - It's not about collection, it's about connection. - - - - - - - Thus, to get the most out of Spaced Repetition, - you must make your cards... - - - SMALL - - - CONNECTED - - - & MEANINGFUL - - - - - - Let's see how. - - - - - - - SMALL - - - - - - This card sucks: - - - - - - - - - - - It's too big. Too much information. - - - Let's cut it up into smaller, connected pieces! - As a rule of thumb, each flashcard should have one & only one idea. - Like so: - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Facts connect to facts. - But there's other, more playful ways for cards to be... - - - - - - - CONNECTED - - - - - - This card is... alright. - It's an English word on the front, French word on the back. - - It's the standard for most language-learning flashcards: - - - - - - - - - - - But you know what would make it stick in memory better? - - - If you connected it to - pictures, sounds, context, and/or personal details! - Like so: - - - - - - - - - - - The front now has a drawing of a cat (picture) - with a fill-in-the-blank French sentence (context: grammar) - about my childhood cat, Stripes. (personal) - - - - - - - The back now has a symbol of the noun's gender (picture), - its pronunciation (sound*), - and a warning about the female version of the noun. (context: slang) - - - * Obviously, paper cards can't play sounds. - But apps like Anki/Tinycards can! - - - - - - - But the most important connection of all, - is to connect your learning to something that is... - - - - - - - MEANINGFUL - - - - - - - Personally, here's how I've learnt best: - First, I try (emphasis on try) to do something. - - - play the ukulele - - - read french comics - - - make a web game - - - - - - - Inevitably, I'll get stuck. - In that moment, I'll look up what I need, - and learn something. - - - how do you play F#? - - - what's "attraper" mean? - - - why is javascript such a piece of sh– - - - - - - - - - - - And so on. - - - - - - - That, I believe, is the best way to keep yourself motivated while learning: - - - By making sure your learning is in service of doing something you care about. - - - - - - Speaking of learning, let's practice recalling what we've learnt: - (this will be the second-last time!) - - - - - - - - - - - The consensus in the Spaced Repetition community is, - after a while, you should make your own cards. - - - This way, you can connect facts to what you know, what you love. - - - - - - - That's why, in the final part of this interactive comic, - you're going to make your own cards! - - - And those cards will be about... - - - - - - - YOU - - - -
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- GET STARTED TODAY! -
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- - - - - To help you get started with Spaced Repetition today, - you need to answer four questions: - - - - WHAT? - - - WHY? - - - HOW? - - - WHEN? - - - - - - You'll answer these questions by making flashcards! - So, here's the front of our first flashcard, our first question: - - - - - - - - - - - - For example, you could use Spaced Repetition to help you learn... - - - a new language - - - a new instrument - - - computer programming - - - details of friends' lives - - - anything interesting you find, anywhere! - - - all the pokémon - - - Now, you write your answer on the back: - - - - - - - - - - (note: you can scroll back here & change your answer later) - - - - - - However, recall that for Spaced Repetition to work, - you need to connect it to something you care about. - So our next question is: - - - - - - - - - - - - That may be too philosophical, so here's some - concrete examples of a why behind a what: - - - WHAT: a new language -
- WHY: to speak to friends, family, lovers in their native tongue - - - WHAT: computer programming -
- WHY: to make money so you can eat - - - WHAT: anything interesting -
- WHY: curiosity, for its own sake! - - - So... what's your why? - - - - - - - - - - You now have your what and why... but we still need to pick a how! - That is, what tool/app do you want to use? - Our next card asks: - - - - - - - - - - - - I currently use - The Leitner Box, - but my friends use - Anki, - and for a while I used - TinyCards. - (links open in new tabs) - Here's how they compare: - - - Leitner Box -
- Pros: arts-and-craftsy, easy to use -
- Cons: not as portable as an app - - - Anki (app) -
- Pros: huge community, open-source, lots of powerful features -
- Cons: kinda ugly - - - TinyCards (app) -
- Pros: beautiful design, easy to use -
- Cons: max 150 cards per deck, doesn't let you decide if you got a card right - - - (Want something else? - Here's a few other tools: - SuperMemo, - NimbleNotes, - Mnemosyne) - - - * anti-disclaimer: i am not affiliated with any of these. - i just think they're cool & helpful! - - - - - - So, what's it gonna be? - - - - - - - - - - - Just one card left! - Now: doing Spaced Repetition is actually quite easy... - however, doing it as a daily habit is hard. - - - Why? Because getting the ball rolling on any new habit is hard. - - - - - - - Hard, but straightforward. - The science of habits shows that if you do the same thing, given the same cue, - over and over... - - - have a nice day! - - - thanks, you too! - - - happy holidays! - - - thanks, you too! - - - here's your change! - - - thanks, you too! - - - ...it'll become a habit, for better or worse. - So for a Spaced Repetition habit, our question is: - - - - - - - - - - - - For example, you could play the Spaced Repetition game... - - - after you wake up - - - on your commute - - - before sleeping - - - It doesn't really matter when you do it, as long as you do it - daily and consistently (more or less - you can skip a day once in a while). - - - - - - - (Tip: whenever I try to create a new habit, - I draw a circle on a calendar for each day I successfully do it) - - - (It's a game I play with myself! The goal is to try not break - my streak, and build the longest chain I can.) - - - - - - Now, let's fill out that final flashcard: - - - - - - - - - - Et voilà, here's all four of your flashcards, all about you! - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - But like I said, I want to help you take control of your memory today. - - - Not "eventually", not "tomorrow", TODAY. - - - - - - - so to help... - - - let's download some - - COOL GOODIES - - - - - - - - FIRST: - - to remind you to play the Spaced Repetition game daily! - - - -
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- (click to download ↓) - -
- - - - - SECOND: - - - - - - - - And finally, - THIRD: - a .zip of all the flashcards you've been practicing in this interactive comic! - - - - - - - - - - (These can be your first few days' worth of Spaced Repetition cards, - to help you get started! And as a plus, you'll get to remember everything - you learnt here today, forever-ish.) - - - - - - - Which reminds me... - - - one last goodbye, - for old time's sake, - the final swan song! - - - ...let's review our flashcards, all of them: - - - - - - - - - - - Sniff... - It's always so hard to say goodbye... - - - - - - - HONK - - - - - - - I'll miss the time we had together... - - - ...but I hope we live on in each others' memories! - - - - - - - If you're a student, I hope Spaced Repetition - helps you be more confident, and take learning into your own hands. - - - - - - - If you're a teacher, - please oh please tell your students about Spaced Repetition - (& other evidence-based study habits) early on. - - - - - - - But whether you're in or out of school, - I hope Spaced Repetition helps you develop your memory, your mind, - your Muse... - - - "no!" screamed the mitochondria, as she slid down the cell's warm, wet throat. "i don't– - - - - - - - ...and learn one of life's greatest loves: - - - a lifelong love of learning. - - - - - - - - - - (P.S: I genuinely wanna know how you'll use Spaced Repetition! - Tweet a photo of your Box/Anki with the tag - - #SpacedRepetition – - I'll collect examples into a page for everyone to see!) -

- (Want more? Scroll down for further reading & credits!) -
- ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ - - - - -
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- Written, drawn, and programmed by -
- - Nicky Case - -
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- - Also, this interactive comic is - - - - - - - - - - - PUBLIC DOMAIN - - - - meaning you can freely use this thing for educational, personal, or even commercial purposes. - You already have my permission! - - (Download the code) - - (Translate this comic) - -

- -

- However, I'm only able to do this thanks to my 1,000+ Patreon supporters. - They let me keep doing what I love. Thank you! 💖 - - (Wanna chip in too? Click here!) - -

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- Further Reading -

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- Something something shoulders of giants. - Here are the reads that made Spaced Repetition a part of my daily life: -

- - - - And my favorite reads on the science of learning: - - - -

- And if you want to learn-by-playing more stuff, - - check out Explorable Explanations! 🕹️ -

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- More Thanks -

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- 👀 Thank you to all my playtesters for making this project not suck: - - Aatish Bhatia, Adam Filinovich, Aimee Jarboe, Alex Jaffe, Amit Patel, Andy Matuschak, B Cavello, Chris Walker, Frank Lantz, Gal Green, Glen Chiacchieri, Hamish Todd, Henry Reich, Jacque Goupil, James Lytle, - Jez Swanson, Josh Comeau, Kayle Sawyer, Levi Robertson, Marcelo Gallardo, Martyna Wasiluk, Michael Nielsen, Mikayla Hutchinson, Mike Gifford, Monica Srivastava, Owen Landgren, - Paul Butler, Paul Simeon, Philipp Wacker, Pontus Granström, Rowan, Sebastian Morr, SpacieCat, Tanya Short, Tim & Alexandra Swast, Tom Hermans, Toph Tucker, Will Harris-Braun, Zeno Rogue - -

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- 📹 Thank you Chris Walker for making the - - Leitner Box crafting video! - (P.S: - - Chris makes interactive stuff, - too!) -

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- 🐞 Thank you Omar Rizwan for helping me figure out Mobile Safari's endless pit of bugs -

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- 🔊 This project was made with Creative Commons assets - from Wikimedia Commons and FreeSounds. - - (See full credits) -

- -

- 💖 And again, huge thanks to all my Patreon supporters who made this possible: -

- - - -

- 🙏 And finally, thank you for being the kind of person who sits through the credits! - You can - - play more of my stuff, - - follow me on Twitter, - or - - support me on Patreon. - I sincerely hope this comic could help you, in whatever small way. -

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- Happy learning!
- ~ Nicky Case -

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- - - - Intro - · - The Science - · - The Art - · - Get Started! - · - Credits - - - - - try to recall ↑ - then flip ↻ - - - (cards left: [N]) - - - did you remember this? - - - nah, try again - - - yup, onwards! - - - done for now! keep scrolling -
- ↓ - - - that's all, folks! -
- ↓ - - - - - strength of memory → - - - time → - - - decay: - - - sweet spot: - - - timing of recall: - - - timing of recalls: - - - auto-optimize! - - - - - - On Day [N]... - - - review Levels [N] (in that order) - - - (and then loop back to Day 1!) - - - - - Day [N] - - - to review: Level - - - review Level [N] - - - add [N] new cards - - - total: [N] cards! - - - ([N] retired) - - - next step - - - next day - - - next week - - - next month - - - [N] new cards a day - - - recall [N]% of cards wrong - - - RESET - - - - - Q: - - - - type your answer here - - - or pick one of these suggestions: - - - - -
  • Anything interesting!
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  • A language
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  • Music
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  • Coding
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  • Personal
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  • (other)
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  • For people I love
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  • For my own sake
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  • For curiosity's sake
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  • (other)
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  • Leitner Box
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  • Anki
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  • TinyCards
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  • (other)
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  • In the morning
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  • On my commute
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  • In the evening
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  • (other)
    • -     - - - - WHAT: - - - WHY: - - - DO - - - ME! - - - wallpaper - - - a wallpaper for your desktop, - - - a lock-screen wallpaper for your phone, - - - a video, by my dear friend Chris Walker, on how to craft your very own Leitner Box! -

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    - (And here's a similar tutorial, in IKEA form:) -

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    click to download PDF     -     - - a link to - download Anki! - And here's a video tutorial on how to use it: -

    - -     - - a link to - - TinyCards! - (i recommend checking out their - - geography decks) - - - links to tutorials on crafting a Leitner Box - - [video] - - [pdf], - - the Anki app, - and - - TinyCards! - - - - - DOWNLOAD ALL CARDS - - - DOWNLOADING... - - - DONE! Check your Downloads folder. - - - - - How To Remember Anything Forever-ish - - - an interactive comic on the art & science of memory - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
    - and the name of this game is... -
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    - SPACED REPETITION -
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    - Spaced Repetition = ____ + ____ -
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    - testing + time -
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    - 3 common but ineffective learning/teaching practices are... -
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    - ...lectures, cramming, and re-reading -
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    - In Greek Mythology, - the goddess of ____ - was the mother of the goddesses of - ________ -
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    - Memory is the mother of Inspiration -
    -     - - - - - - -
    - the best way to space out your recalls is... -
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    - ...with increasing gaps! -
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    - The pioneer of the experimental science of memory was... -
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    - Hermann Ebbinghaus -
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    - The Forgetting Curve (without any recalls) looks like... -
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    - (note: it decays quickly, then slowly - "exponential decay") -
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    - The Forgetting Curve (with well-spaced recalls) looks like... -
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    - (note: the gaps between recalls increase in length) -
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    - In the Leitner Box, we ______ - the gap (# of days between reviews) for each Level -
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    - double the gap -
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    - The Leitner Box game: -
    - when you get a card right, you move it ______ . -
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    - up one Level -
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    - The Leitner Box game: -
    - when you get a card wrong, you move it ______ . -
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    - back to Level 1! -
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    - According to some random comic-game on the internet, - my Spaced Repetition flashcards should be - ______ , - ______ , and - ______ . -
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    - small, connected & meaningful -
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    - What's this? -
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    - This organelle is called "mitochondria". - Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. - They're found in almost all eukaryotic (nucleus-having) organisms. - The most widely-accepted hypothesis for the origin of mitochondria is Endosymbiotic Theory: - around ~1.5 billion years ago, a prokaryotic (nucleus-lacking) cell that was "eaten" by another cell, - somehow survived, and has continued to live inside them ever since. -
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    - What's this? -
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    - Mitochondria -
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    - Mitochondria is the _______ of the cell -
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    - powerhouse - - // bonus note: seriously though, we'd all be dead without 'em. - -
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    - Mitochondria is found in almost all ____ organisms. -
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    - eukaryotic -
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    - Eukaryotes are cells that... -
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    - have a nucleus - - // bonus note: "eu"=good, "karyon"=kernel - -
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    - Prokaryotes are cells that... -
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    - DON'T have a nucleus - - // bonus note: "pro"=before, "karyon"=kernel - -
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    - The most widely-accepted hypothesis for the origin of mitochondria is... -
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    - Endosymbiotic Theory - - // bonus note: "endo"=inner, "sym"=together, "bio"=living - -
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    - According to Endosymbiotic Theory, mitochondria arose around - ____ years ago -
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    - ~1.5 billion years ago -
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    - According to Endosymbiotic Theory, mitochondria first arose when... -
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    - when a prokaryote was eaten by another cell -
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    - cat - -
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    - (english) - -
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    - chat -
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    - (french) -
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    - -
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    - then back to doing... ↻ -
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    - then back to learning... ↻ -
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